La difícil trayectoria de la sostenibilidad: Ideologías en conflicto en la producción del espacio urbano
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24197/ciudades.07.2002.13-27Palabras clave:
paisaje cultural, paisaje vernáculo americano, ideología, sistema de valores, sostenibilidad, universalizaciónResumen
Ninguna cultura puede asumir y absorber el choque de la civilización moderna y la paradoja de cómo modernizarse y volver a las raíces. Este texto investiga las interpretaciones de los nuevos paisajes culturales, entre la inevitabilidad de perder el paisaje tradicional por efecto del cambio cultural, y las nuevas posibilidades de intervención. El autor trata dos cuestiones candentes: las investigaciones de los paisajes culturales como guía para nuevas intervenciones sostenibles; y el significado de la tensión entre el paisaje cultural ideal de la sociedad enfrentado con el paisaje real. Es necesario un nuevo sistema de valores e implicaciones, una ideología ligada a la práctica y basada en el saber ecológico, para evitar la creación de un paisaje cultural moderno excesivamente transitorio, y con objeto de guiar intervenciones regeneradoras y sostenibles en el territorio.
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BOYER, M. Christine.- Dreaming the Rational City: The Myth of American City Planning, Cambridge, Massachusetts: the MIT Press, 1983.
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CIUCCI, Giorgio et al.- The American City: From the Civil War to the New Deal, Cambridge, The MIT Press, 1973.
CLAY, Grady.- Close-up: How to read the American City, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1980.
CLIFFORD, James.- The Predicament of Culture, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1988.
COHEN, Yehudi A.- Man in Adaptation: The Cultural Present, Chicago, Aldine Publishing Co., 1968.
“Common Houses, Cultural Spoor”, Landscape, Vol.19, 1975, pp. 1-2.
Common Landscape of America, 1580-1845, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1988.
CONRADS, U.- Programs and Manifestos on 20th Century Architecture, tenth printing, MIT Press, 1990.
CONRON, J.- The American Landscape, New York, Oxford University Press, 1974 .
COOPER MARCUS, Clare.- “Remembrance of Landscape Past”, Landscape, Vol.22, No. 3, 1978, pp. 35-43 .
COZEN, Michael.- The Making of the American Landscape, Boston, Unwin Hyman, 1990.
CROW, D.- Philosophical Streets: New Approaches to Urbanism, Washington D.C., Institute for Advance Studies, Maisonneuxe Press, 1990.
CULLEN, G.- Townscape, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1976.
Discovering the Vernacular Landscape, New Heaven, Yale University Press, 1984.
DUBOS, Rene.- The Wooing of Earth, New York, Scribner, 1980.
ECKBO, Garret.- The Landscape We See, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1969.
“Environmental Appreciation: Localities as a Human Art”, The Western Hunanities Review, Vol.25, Winter 1971, pp. 1-11.
GEERTZ, Clifford.- The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays, New York, Basic Books, 1973.
GROTH, Paul.- Vision Culture and Landscape, Berkeley Symposium on Cultural Landscape Interpretation, Berkeley, Department of Landscape Architecture, University of California, 1990.
HABERMAS, J.- “Modernity - An Incomplete Project.” in FOSTER, Hal.-. The Anti-Aesthetic. Washington Bay Press, 1983.
HAGENMANN, W.- The American Vitruvius, New York, Architectural Book Publishing Co., 1922.
HALPERN, Daniel.- On Nature: Nature, Landscape and Natural History, San Francisco, North Point Press, 1987.
HALPRIN, Lawrence.- "Nature into Landscape into Art" in THOMPSON, G.- Landscape America, University of Texas Press, 1995, pp. 241-250.
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HART, Fraser J.- Regions of the United States, New York, Harper and Row, 1972.
HAYDEN, Dolores.- The Power of Place: Urban Landscapes as Public History, Cambridge, MIT Press, 1995.
HEIDEGGER, M.- Poetry, Language and Thought, New York, Harper and Row, 1971.
HELPHAND, Kenneth.- Colorado, Visions of an American Landscape, Colorado, Roberts Rinehart Publishers, 1991.
HILDEGARD, Binder J.- Order Upon the Land: The U.S. Rectangular Land Survey and the Upper Mississippi Country, New York, Oxford University Press, 1976.
HOLLAND, Laurence B.- Who Designs America?, New York, Anchor Original, 1966.
HOROWITZ, Helen L.- “Towards a New History of the Landscape and Built Environment”, Reviews in American History, December 1985, Vol.13, No.4, pp. 487-49.
HUGHES, Robert.- The Shock of the New, New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1991.
“Human Ecological Planning at Pennsylvania”, Landscape Planning, Amsterdam, Elsevier Scientific Publication, 1981.
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KOSTOF, Spiro.- The City Shaped: Urban Patterns and Meaning Through History, Boston, Little Brown and Co., 1991.
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KROEBER A. L.- “What Culture Is” in COHEN, Yehudi A..- Man in Adaptation: The Cultural Present, Chicago, Aldine Publishing Co., 1968, pp. 13-16.
LEACH, Neil.- Rethinking Architecture: A reader in cultural theory, New York Routledge, 1997.
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LEFEBVRE, Henri.- The Production of Space, London, Blackwell, 1991. First published in French in 1974.
LEIGHLY, John.- Land and Life: A selection from the Writings of Carl Ortwin Sauer, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1963.
LEOPOL, Aldo.- “The Land Ethic”, 1949, in A sand County Almanac with essays on Conservation from Round River, Oxford University Press, 1966 edition.
LEVÍ-STRAUSS, Claude.- The Elementary Structures of Kinship, Boston, Beacon Press, 1969. First published in French in 1949.
LEWIS, PEIRCE.- Visual Blight in America, Washington D.C., Association of American Geographers, 1973.
LYNCH, Kevin.- The Image of the City, Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press, 1960.
LOWENTHAL, David.- “Past Time, Present Place: Landscape and Memory”, Geographical Review, Vol. 65, January 1975, pp. 1-36.
McHARG, IAN.- Design with Nature, Garden City, New York, American Museum of Natural History and Doubleday Natural History Place, 1969.
MASSEY, Doreen.- Space, Place and Gender, Cambridge, Polity Press, 1994.
MEINING, D.W.- The Interpretation of Ordinary Landscapes: Geographical Essays, Oxford University Press, 1979.
NAIRN, Ian.- The American Landscape, New York, Random House, 1965.
New Orleans: The Making of an Urban Landscape, Cambridge, Mass., Ballinger, 1976.
Our Changing Cities, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991.
REPS, John.- Town Planning in Frontier America, Columbia, University of Missouri Press, 1980.
ROBINS, Don.- Circles of Silence, London, Souvenir Press, 1985.
SALOMON, Daniel.- “Fixing Suburbia” in KELBAUGH, D.- The Pedestrian Pocket: A New Suburban Design Strategy, Princeton Architectural Press, 1989, pp. 21-33.
SIMONDS, John O.- Landscape Architecture: The Shaping of Man's Natural Environment, New York, 1961.
SITTE, Camilo.-City Planning According to Artistic Principles, New York, Columbia, 1965.
STANISLAWSKI, Dan.- “Carl Ortwin Sauer 1889-1975”, Journal of Geography, Vol.74, 1975, pp. 548-554.
STEWART, George.- U.S.40: Cross Section of the United States of America, Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1953.
STILGOE, John.- Metropolitan Corridor: Railroads and the American Scene, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1983.
Structural Anthopology, New York, Basic Books Inc., 1963. First published in French in 1958.
“The Abstract World of the Hot-Rodder”, Landscape, Vol.7, No.2, Winter 1958, pp.22-27.
“The American Way of History”, Columbia University Forum, Vol.9, 1966, pp. 27-32.
“The Future of the Past: Our Clouded View of Historic Preservation”, Pioneer America, Vol. 7, 1975, pp. 1-20.
“The Galactic Metropolis” in PLATT, R. and MACINKO, G.- Beyond the Urban Fringe: Land Use Issues of Non-Metropolitan America, Minneapolis, University of Minneapolis Press, 1983.
“The Imitation of Nature”, Landscape, Vol.9, No.1, Autumn 1959, pp. 9-12.
“The Impact of the Concept of Culture on the Concept of Man” in COHEN,
Yehudi A.- Man in Adaptation: The Cultural Present, Chicago, Aldine Publishing Co., 1968, pp. 16-29.
The Land That Feed Us, Norton, 1991.
The Look of the Land, New Jersey, Pentice-Hall, 1974.
The Necessity for Ruins, Amherst , The University of Massachusetts Press, 1980.
THOMPSON, George.- Landscape in America, Austin, University of Texas Press, 1955.
“To Pity the Plumage and Forget the Dying Bird”, Landscape, Vol.17, No.1, Autumn 1967.
TUNNARD, Ch. and PUSHKAREV.- Man-Made America: Chaos or Control?, New Heaven, Yale University Press, 1963.
UPTON, D. and VLACH, J.M.- Common Places: Reading in American Vernacular Architecture, Athens, The University of Georgia Press, 1986.
WATTS, Mae T.- Reading the Landscape of America, New York, McMillan, 1975.
WRADE, S. and W. ADAMS.- Denature Visions: landscape and culture in the twentieth century, Museum of Modern Art, Harry N. Abrams, Inc., N.Y., 1991.
WRIGHT, Gwendolyn.- Building the Dream: A Social History of Housing in America, Pantheon Books, 1981.
ZELINSKY, Wilbur.- The Cultural Geography of the United States, New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, 1973.
BAUDRILLARD, Jean.- The Mirror of Production, St. Louis, Telos Press, 1975. Being and Time, Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1962.
BENNET, T. et al.- Culture, Ideology, and Social Processes, Philadelphia, Open University Press, 1980.
BLONSKY, Marshall.- On Signs, Baltimore, Johns Hopkings, 1985.
BOYER, M. Christine.- Dreaming the Rational City: The Myth of American City Planning, Cambridge, Massachusetts: the MIT Press, 1983.
CERTEAU, Michel de.- The Practice of Everyday Life, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1984. First published in French in 1980.
CIUCCI, Giorgio et al.- The American City: From the Civil War to the New Deal, Cambridge, The MIT Press, 1973.
CLAY, Grady.- Close-up: How to read the American City, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1980.
CLIFFORD, James.- The Predicament of Culture, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1988.
COHEN, Yehudi A.- Man in Adaptation: The Cultural Present, Chicago, Aldine Publishing Co., 1968.
“Common Houses, Cultural Spoor”, Landscape, Vol.19, 1975, pp. 1-2.
Common Landscape of America, 1580-1845, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1988.
CONRADS, U.- Programs and Manifestos on 20th Century Architecture, tenth printing, MIT Press, 1990.
CONRON, J.- The American Landscape, New York, Oxford University Press, 1974 .
COOPER MARCUS, Clare.- “Remembrance of Landscape Past”, Landscape, Vol.22, No. 3, 1978, pp. 35-43 .
COZEN, Michael.- The Making of the American Landscape, Boston, Unwin Hyman, 1990.
CROW, D.- Philosophical Streets: New Approaches to Urbanism, Washington D.C., Institute for Advance Studies, Maisonneuxe Press, 1990.
CULLEN, G.- Townscape, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1976.
Discovering the Vernacular Landscape, New Heaven, Yale University Press, 1984.
DUBOS, Rene.- The Wooing of Earth, New York, Scribner, 1980.
ECKBO, Garret.- The Landscape We See, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1969.
“Environmental Appreciation: Localities as a Human Art”, The Western Hunanities Review, Vol.25, Winter 1971, pp. 1-11.
GEERTZ, Clifford.- The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays, New York, Basic Books, 1973.
GROTH, Paul.- Vision Culture and Landscape, Berkeley Symposium on Cultural Landscape Interpretation, Berkeley, Department of Landscape Architecture, University of California, 1990.
HABERMAS, J.- “Modernity - An Incomplete Project.” in FOSTER, Hal.-. The Anti-Aesthetic. Washington Bay Press, 1983.
HAGENMANN, W.- The American Vitruvius, New York, Architectural Book Publishing Co., 1922.
HALPERN, Daniel.- On Nature: Nature, Landscape and Natural History, San Francisco, North Point Press, 1987.
HALPRIN, Lawrence.- "Nature into Landscape into Art" in THOMPSON, G.- Landscape America, University of Texas Press, 1995, pp. 241-250.
HARRIS, Marvin.- The Rise of Anthropological Theory: A History of Theories of Culture, New York, Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1968.
HART, Fraser J.- Regions of the United States, New York, Harper and Row, 1972.
HAYDEN, Dolores.- The Power of Place: Urban Landscapes as Public History, Cambridge, MIT Press, 1995.
HEIDEGGER, M.- Poetry, Language and Thought, New York, Harper and Row, 1971.
HELPHAND, Kenneth.- Colorado, Visions of an American Landscape, Colorado, Roberts Rinehart Publishers, 1991.
HILDEGARD, Binder J.- Order Upon the Land: The U.S. Rectangular Land Survey and the Upper Mississippi Country, New York, Oxford University Press, 1976.
HOLLAND, Laurence B.- Who Designs America?, New York, Anchor Original, 1966.
HOROWITZ, Helen L.- “Towards a New History of the Landscape and Built Environment”, Reviews in American History, December 1985, Vol.13, No.4, pp. 487-49.
HUGHES, Robert.- The Shock of the New, New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1991.
“Human Ecological Planning at Pennsylvania”, Landscape Planning, Amsterdam, Elsevier Scientific Publication, 1981.
JACKSON, J.B.- “Landscapes” in ZUBE, Ervin H.- Selected Writings of J.B. Jackson, Amherst, Massachusetts, University of Massachusetts Press, 1970.
JACOBS, Jane.- The Death and Life of Great American Cities, New York, Vintage, 1961.
JAMES, Henry.- The American Scene, New York, 1907.
JEFFERSON, Thomas.- Notes on the State of Virginia, 1787, in Peden William, 1955.
JOHNSON, B. H. and PITZL, G.R.- “Viewing and Perceiving the Rural Scene: Visualization in Human Geography”, Progress in Human Geography, Vol.5, 1981, pp.211-233.
JORDAN, T.G. and ROWNTREE, L.- Human Mosaic: a Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, New York, Harper and Row, 1982. KLUCKHOHN, Clyde.- 1962 Culture and Behavior, The Free Press, New York
KOSTOF, Spiro.- The City Shaped: Urban Patterns and Meaning Through History, Boston, Little Brown and Co., 1991.
KOWINSKI, William.- “The Malling of America”, New Times, May 1978, pp. 30-55.
KROEBER A. L.- “What Culture Is” in COHEN, Yehudi A..- Man in Adaptation: The Cultural Present, Chicago, Aldine Publishing Co., 1968, pp. 13-16.
LEACH, Neil.- Rethinking Architecture: A reader in cultural theory, New York Routledge, 1997.
“Learning from Landscape” in The Necessity for Ruins, Amherst, The University of Massachusetts Press, 1980.
LEFEBVRE, Henri.- The Production of Space, London, Blackwell, 1991. First published in French in 1974.
LEIGHLY, John.- Land and Life: A selection from the Writings of Carl Ortwin Sauer, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1963.
LEOPOL, Aldo.- “The Land Ethic”, 1949, in A sand County Almanac with essays on Conservation from Round River, Oxford University Press, 1966 edition.
LEVÍ-STRAUSS, Claude.- The Elementary Structures of Kinship, Boston, Beacon Press, 1969. First published in French in 1949.
LEWIS, PEIRCE.- Visual Blight in America, Washington D.C., Association of American Geographers, 1973.
LYNCH, Kevin.- The Image of the City, Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press, 1960.
LOWENTHAL, David.- “Past Time, Present Place: Landscape and Memory”, Geographical Review, Vol. 65, January 1975, pp. 1-36.
McHARG, IAN.- Design with Nature, Garden City, New York, American Museum of Natural History and Doubleday Natural History Place, 1969.
MASSEY, Doreen.- Space, Place and Gender, Cambridge, Polity Press, 1994.
MEINING, D.W.- The Interpretation of Ordinary Landscapes: Geographical Essays, Oxford University Press, 1979.
NAIRN, Ian.- The American Landscape, New York, Random House, 1965.
New Orleans: The Making of an Urban Landscape, Cambridge, Mass., Ballinger, 1976.
Our Changing Cities, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991.
REPS, John.- Town Planning in Frontier America, Columbia, University of Missouri Press, 1980.
ROBINS, Don.- Circles of Silence, London, Souvenir Press, 1985.
SALOMON, Daniel.- “Fixing Suburbia” in KELBAUGH, D.- The Pedestrian Pocket: A New Suburban Design Strategy, Princeton Architectural Press, 1989, pp. 21-33.
SIMONDS, John O.- Landscape Architecture: The Shaping of Man's Natural Environment, New York, 1961.
SITTE, Camilo.-City Planning According to Artistic Principles, New York, Columbia, 1965.
STANISLAWSKI, Dan.- “Carl Ortwin Sauer 1889-1975”, Journal of Geography, Vol.74, 1975, pp. 548-554.
STEWART, George.- U.S.40: Cross Section of the United States of America, Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1953.
STILGOE, John.- Metropolitan Corridor: Railroads and the American Scene, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1983.
Structural Anthopology, New York, Basic Books Inc., 1963. First published in French in 1958.
“The Abstract World of the Hot-Rodder”, Landscape, Vol.7, No.2, Winter 1958, pp.22-27.
“The American Way of History”, Columbia University Forum, Vol.9, 1966, pp. 27-32.
“The Future of the Past: Our Clouded View of Historic Preservation”, Pioneer America, Vol. 7, 1975, pp. 1-20.
“The Galactic Metropolis” in PLATT, R. and MACINKO, G.- Beyond the Urban Fringe: Land Use Issues of Non-Metropolitan America, Minneapolis, University of Minneapolis Press, 1983.
“The Imitation of Nature”, Landscape, Vol.9, No.1, Autumn 1959, pp. 9-12.
“The Impact of the Concept of Culture on the Concept of Man” in COHEN,
Yehudi A.- Man in Adaptation: The Cultural Present, Chicago, Aldine Publishing Co., 1968, pp. 16-29.
The Land That Feed Us, Norton, 1991.
The Look of the Land, New Jersey, Pentice-Hall, 1974.
The Necessity for Ruins, Amherst , The University of Massachusetts Press, 1980.
THOMPSON, George.- Landscape in America, Austin, University of Texas Press, 1955.
“To Pity the Plumage and Forget the Dying Bird”, Landscape, Vol.17, No.1, Autumn 1967.
TUNNARD, Ch. and PUSHKAREV.- Man-Made America: Chaos or Control?, New Heaven, Yale University Press, 1963.
UPTON, D. and VLACH, J.M.- Common Places: Reading in American Vernacular Architecture, Athens, The University of Georgia Press, 1986.
WATTS, Mae T.- Reading the Landscape of America, New York, McMillan, 1975.
WRADE, S. and W. ADAMS.- Denature Visions: landscape and culture in the twentieth century, Museum of Modern Art, Harry N. Abrams, Inc., N.Y., 1991.
WRIGHT, Gwendolyn.- Building the Dream: A Social History of Housing in America, Pantheon Books, 1981.
ZELINSKY, Wilbur.- The Cultural Geography of the United States, New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, 1973.
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01/02/2018
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San Martín, I. (2018). La difícil trayectoria de la sostenibilidad: Ideologías en conflicto en la producción del espacio urbano. Ciudades, (07), 13–27. https://doi.org/10.24197/ciudades.07.2002.13-27
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