Dos caras del frente fluvial de Belgrado: la creación contradictoria de nueva identidad urbana
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24197/ciudades.23.2020.137-157Palabras clave:
Frentes fluviales urbanos, Belgrade Waterfront, Savamala, identidad urbana, regeneración urbanaResumen
Durante las últimas décadas, multitud de proyectos de regeneración urbana han incluido los frentes de agua, influyendo el desarrollo espacial, el carácter urbano y la competitividad económica de las ciudades. Los países en transición no son una excepción. Este trabajo se centra en el caso particular de Belgrado, donde bajo un contexto post-socialista, dos modelos urbanos han sido implementados en la misma ribera del río Sava. A través de una metodología comparativa, se contrastará el impacto social y espacial del distrito creativo de Savamala y el desarrollo inmobiliario de Belgrade Waterfont. El objetivo es la exploración crítica de los procesos de estos casos, sus consecuencias y cómo afectan a la creación de nuevas identidades urbanas. Los resultados muestran la relevancia de la transparencia y la participación ciudadana en la toma de decisiones, así como los riesgos de la estandarización de las intervenciones urbanas.
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Citas
Arandelovic, Biljana; Vukmirovic, Milena & Samardzic, Nikola (2017) “Belgrade: Imagining the future and creating a European metropolis”, in Cities, vol. 63, pp. 1-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2016.12.010.
Arandelovic, Biljana & Vukmirovic, Milena (2020), Belgrade. The 21st Century Metropolis of Southeast Europe, Cham, Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35070-3.
Blagojević, Ljiljana (2009) “Urban regularisation of Belgrade, 1867: trace vs. erasure” in SAJ, vol. 1, num. 1, pp. 27-43.
Coldwell, Will (2015), “Belgrade’s Savamala district: Serbia’s new creative hub”, in The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2015/feb/07/belgrade-savamala-serbia-city-break (published: 07-02-2015; accessed: 21-06-2019).
Cvetinović, Marija; Maričić, Tamara & Bolay, Jean-Claude (2016) “Participatory urban transformations in Savamala, Belgrade-Capacities and limitations”, in Spatium, num. 36, pp. 15-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/SPAT1636015C.
“Deklaracija o Beogradu na vodi”/“Declaration on the Belgrade Waterfront” (2015). Available at: http://aas.org.rs/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Deklaracija-AAS-o-Beogradu-na-vodi-05.-mart-2015.pdf (published: 05-03-2015; accessed: 08-02-2020).
Dovey, Kim (2005), Fluid City. Transforming Melbourne’s urban waterfront, New York, Routledge.
Fainstein, Susan (2010), The Just City, New York, Cornell University Press.
“Flagship project Belgrade Waterfront Serbia, begins constructions”(2015), in Belgrade Waterfront. Available at: http://www.eaglehills.com/news-detail-19/?page=2 (accessed: 07-12-2018).
Florida, Richard (2002), The Rise of the Creative Class: And How It’s Transforming Work, Leisure, Community and Everyday Life, New York, Basic Books.
Florida, Richard (2017), The new urban crisis: how our cities are increasing inequality, deepening segregation, and failing the middle class- and what we can do about it, New York, Basic Books.
Glaeser, Edward (2011), Triumph of the city: How our greatest invention makes us richer, smarter, healthier, and happier, New York, Penguin Press.
“Građani protestvovali protiv Beograda na vodi” (2015), in N1info. Available at: http://rs.n1info.com/a95785/Vesti/Protest-protiv-Beograda-na-vodi.html (published: 27-09-2015; accessed: 21-07-2019).
Hirt, Sonia (2009), “Belgrade, Serbia”, in Cities, vol. 26, num. 5, pp. 293-303. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2009.04.001.
Koelemaij, Jorn (2020) “Dubaification in practice: an inter-scalar analysis of Belgrade Waterfront”, in Urban Geography. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2020.1721205.
Kristović, Ivica (2014) “Arapi ulažu preko 3 milijarde dolara u Vučićev projekat iz kampanje”, in Vecernji list. Available at: https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/arapi-ulazu-preko-3-milijarde-dolara-u-vucicev-projekt-iz-kampanje-915911 (published: 18-01-2014; accessed: 12-07-2019).
Kovačević, Bojan (2015) “Vučićev zabranjeni grad”, in Vreme. Available at: http://aas.org.rs/greske-u-urbanizmu-su-vecne-ili-katastrofalno-skupe/ (published: 12-03-2015; accessed: 05-02-2020).
Krsmanovic, Ksenija (2017), Learning from Savamala: The district between two urban transformations. Master Thesis, Department of Architecture and Urban Studies, Politecnico di Milano.
Kulić, Vladimir (2013): National, supranational, international: New Belgrade and symbolic construction of a socialist capital, in Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity, vol. 41, num. 1, pp. 35-63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2012.749224.
Lalović, Ksenija; Radosavljević, Uroš & Đukanović, Zoran (2015) “Reframing public interest in the implementation of large urban projects in Serbia: The case of Belgrade waterfront project “, in Architecture and Civil Engineering, vol. 13, num. 1, pp. 35-46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/FUACE1501035L.
Landry, Charles (2012) The Creative City. A Toolkit for Urban Innovators, London, Earthscan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781849772945.
Le Normand, Brigitte (2014), Designing Tito’s Capital: urban Planning, Modernism and Socialism, Pittsburg, Pittsburgh Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt7zwb9j.
Lydon, Mike & Garcia, Anthony (2015), Tactical urbanism: short-term action for long-term change, Washington DC, Island Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-567-0.
Machala, Branislav & Koelemaij, Jorn (2019) “Post-socialist urban futures: Decision-making Dynamics behinh large scale urban waterfront development in Belgrade and Bratislava”, in Urban Planning, vol. 4, num. 4, pp. 6-17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17645/up.v4i4.2261.
Marshall, Richard (2001) Waterfronts in Post-industrial cities, London, Spon Press.
Marić, Igor; Niković, Ana & Manić, Božidar (2010), “Transformation of the New Belgrade urban tissue: filling the space instead of interpolation”, in Spatium, num. 22, pp. 47-56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/SPAT1022047M.
Mitrović, Mihajlo (2012) “Najzad, Savamala”, in Politika. Available at: www.politika.rs (published:15-06-2012; accessed: 24-02-2020)
Mučibabić, Daliborka & Belić, Nikola (2013) “Ponos socijalisticke gradnje -centar biznisa i trgovine”, in Politika. Available at: www.politika.rs (published: 11-04-2013; accessed: 19-02-2020)
Peck, Jamie (2012) “Recreative City: Amsterdam, vehicular Ideas and the Adaptive Spaces of Creative Policy”, in International Journal of Urban and Regional research, vol. 36, num. 3, pp. 462-485. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2011.01071.x.
Petrović Balubdžić, Miroslava (2017) “Creating the Belgrade waterfront identity through a prism of architecture and urban planning competiotions”, in Spatium, num. 37, pp. 74-81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/SPAT1737074P.
Ponzini, Davide (2009) “Urban implications of cultural policy networks: the case of the Mount Vernon Cultural District in Baltimore”, in Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, vol. 27, num. 3, pp. 433-50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1068/c0835.
Radosavljević, Uroš (2014), Formation of the urban management model in the implementation of strategic projects. Doctoral Thesis, University of Belgrade.
“Savamala- četvrt umetnosti i tri četvrti noćnog provoda” (2015), in Naslovi.net. Available at: http://www.naslovi.net/2015-02-15/politika/savamala-cetvrt-umetnosti-i-tri-cetvrti-nocnog-provoda/13442161 (published: 15-02-2015; accessed: 30-06-2019).
Sennett, Richard (2018) Building and swelling: ethics for the city, London, Penguin Books.
“Serbs really against shady demolitions after masked crew tied up witnesses” (2016), in The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/26/serbs-rally-against-shady-demolitions-after-masked-crew-tied-up-witnesses (published: 26-05-2016; accessed: 15-07-2019).
Scott, Allen J (2014), “Beyond the Creative City: Cognitive-Cultural Capitalism and the New Urbanism”, in Regional Studies, vol. 48, num. 4, pp. 565-578. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2014.891010.
Službeni list grada Beograda/Official Gazette of the City of Belgrade (2014), The decision on the Abolition of the Study of High-rise Building in Belgrade, num.36/14, p. 22.
Službeni list grada Beograda/Official Gazette of the City of Belgrade (2014), Amendment of the Master Plan of Belgrade 2021, num.70/14, pp. 1-3.
Smith, Neil (1996), Gentrification, the frontiers and the restructuring of urban space, London, Routledge.
Stupar, Aleksandra (2009), Grad globalizacije- Izazovi, transformacije i simboli, Arhitektonski fakultet u Beogradu, Beograd, Orion art.
Veselinovic, Milena (2015) “How artist turned a Belgrade district from wasteland to wonderland”, in CNN. Available at: http://edition.cnn.com/2015/08/07/travel/savamala-belgrade-osm/ (published: 07-08-2015; accessed: 28-06-2019).
Vukmirović, Milena (2015), “Belgrade: The quest for the desired city image”, in Doythinov, G.; Đukić, A. & Ionita, C.-eds., Planning Capital Cities: Belgrade, Bucharest, Sofia, Graz, Verlag der Technischen Universität Graz, pp. 188-211.
Wynne, Derek (1992) The Culture industry: The Art in Urban Regeneration, Brookfield: Avebury.
Wright, Herbert (2015) “Belgrade waterfront: An unlikely place for Gulf petrodollars to settle”, in The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/dec/10/belgrade-waterfront-gulf-petrodollars-exclusive-waterside-development (published: 10-12-2015; accessed: 29-11-2019).
Zeković, Slavka; Maričić, Tamara & Vujošević, Miodrag (2018), “Megaprojects as an Instrument of Urban Planning and Development: Example of Belgrade Waterfront Project”, in Hostettler, S.; Besson, S. & Bolay, J. -eds.-, Technologies for development. From Innovation to Social impact, Cham, Springer, pp.153-162. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91068-0_13.
Zukin, Sharon & Braslow, Laura (2011), “The life cycle of New York’s creative districts: Reflections on the unanticipated consequences of unplanned cultural zones”, in City, Culture and Society, vol. 2, num. 3, pp. 131-40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccs.2011.06.003.
Arandelovic, Biljana & Vukmirovic, Milena (2020), Belgrade. The 21st Century Metropolis of Southeast Europe, Cham, Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35070-3.
Blagojević, Ljiljana (2009) “Urban regularisation of Belgrade, 1867: trace vs. erasure” in SAJ, vol. 1, num. 1, pp. 27-43.
Coldwell, Will (2015), “Belgrade’s Savamala district: Serbia’s new creative hub”, in The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2015/feb/07/belgrade-savamala-serbia-city-break (published: 07-02-2015; accessed: 21-06-2019).
Cvetinović, Marija; Maričić, Tamara & Bolay, Jean-Claude (2016) “Participatory urban transformations in Savamala, Belgrade-Capacities and limitations”, in Spatium, num. 36, pp. 15-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/SPAT1636015C.
“Deklaracija o Beogradu na vodi”/“Declaration on the Belgrade Waterfront” (2015). Available at: http://aas.org.rs/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Deklaracija-AAS-o-Beogradu-na-vodi-05.-mart-2015.pdf (published: 05-03-2015; accessed: 08-02-2020).
Dovey, Kim (2005), Fluid City. Transforming Melbourne’s urban waterfront, New York, Routledge.
Fainstein, Susan (2010), The Just City, New York, Cornell University Press.
“Flagship project Belgrade Waterfront Serbia, begins constructions”(2015), in Belgrade Waterfront. Available at: http://www.eaglehills.com/news-detail-19/?page=2 (accessed: 07-12-2018).
Florida, Richard (2002), The Rise of the Creative Class: And How It’s Transforming Work, Leisure, Community and Everyday Life, New York, Basic Books.
Florida, Richard (2017), The new urban crisis: how our cities are increasing inequality, deepening segregation, and failing the middle class- and what we can do about it, New York, Basic Books.
Glaeser, Edward (2011), Triumph of the city: How our greatest invention makes us richer, smarter, healthier, and happier, New York, Penguin Press.
“Građani protestvovali protiv Beograda na vodi” (2015), in N1info. Available at: http://rs.n1info.com/a95785/Vesti/Protest-protiv-Beograda-na-vodi.html (published: 27-09-2015; accessed: 21-07-2019).
Hirt, Sonia (2009), “Belgrade, Serbia”, in Cities, vol. 26, num. 5, pp. 293-303. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2009.04.001.
Koelemaij, Jorn (2020) “Dubaification in practice: an inter-scalar analysis of Belgrade Waterfront”, in Urban Geography. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2020.1721205.
Kristović, Ivica (2014) “Arapi ulažu preko 3 milijarde dolara u Vučićev projekat iz kampanje”, in Vecernji list. Available at: https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/arapi-ulazu-preko-3-milijarde-dolara-u-vucicev-projekt-iz-kampanje-915911 (published: 18-01-2014; accessed: 12-07-2019).
Kovačević, Bojan (2015) “Vučićev zabranjeni grad”, in Vreme. Available at: http://aas.org.rs/greske-u-urbanizmu-su-vecne-ili-katastrofalno-skupe/ (published: 12-03-2015; accessed: 05-02-2020).
Krsmanovic, Ksenija (2017), Learning from Savamala: The district between two urban transformations. Master Thesis, Department of Architecture and Urban Studies, Politecnico di Milano.
Kulić, Vladimir (2013): National, supranational, international: New Belgrade and symbolic construction of a socialist capital, in Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity, vol. 41, num. 1, pp. 35-63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2012.749224.
Lalović, Ksenija; Radosavljević, Uroš & Đukanović, Zoran (2015) “Reframing public interest in the implementation of large urban projects in Serbia: The case of Belgrade waterfront project “, in Architecture and Civil Engineering, vol. 13, num. 1, pp. 35-46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/FUACE1501035L.
Landry, Charles (2012) The Creative City. A Toolkit for Urban Innovators, London, Earthscan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781849772945.
Le Normand, Brigitte (2014), Designing Tito’s Capital: urban Planning, Modernism and Socialism, Pittsburg, Pittsburgh Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt7zwb9j.
Lydon, Mike & Garcia, Anthony (2015), Tactical urbanism: short-term action for long-term change, Washington DC, Island Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-567-0.
Machala, Branislav & Koelemaij, Jorn (2019) “Post-socialist urban futures: Decision-making Dynamics behinh large scale urban waterfront development in Belgrade and Bratislava”, in Urban Planning, vol. 4, num. 4, pp. 6-17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17645/up.v4i4.2261.
Marshall, Richard (2001) Waterfronts in Post-industrial cities, London, Spon Press.
Marić, Igor; Niković, Ana & Manić, Božidar (2010), “Transformation of the New Belgrade urban tissue: filling the space instead of interpolation”, in Spatium, num. 22, pp. 47-56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/SPAT1022047M.
Mitrović, Mihajlo (2012) “Najzad, Savamala”, in Politika. Available at: www.politika.rs (published:15-06-2012; accessed: 24-02-2020)
Mučibabić, Daliborka & Belić, Nikola (2013) “Ponos socijalisticke gradnje -centar biznisa i trgovine”, in Politika. Available at: www.politika.rs (published: 11-04-2013; accessed: 19-02-2020)
Peck, Jamie (2012) “Recreative City: Amsterdam, vehicular Ideas and the Adaptive Spaces of Creative Policy”, in International Journal of Urban and Regional research, vol. 36, num. 3, pp. 462-485. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2011.01071.x.
Petrović Balubdžić, Miroslava (2017) “Creating the Belgrade waterfront identity through a prism of architecture and urban planning competiotions”, in Spatium, num. 37, pp. 74-81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/SPAT1737074P.
Ponzini, Davide (2009) “Urban implications of cultural policy networks: the case of the Mount Vernon Cultural District in Baltimore”, in Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, vol. 27, num. 3, pp. 433-50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1068/c0835.
Radosavljević, Uroš (2014), Formation of the urban management model in the implementation of strategic projects. Doctoral Thesis, University of Belgrade.
“Savamala- četvrt umetnosti i tri četvrti noćnog provoda” (2015), in Naslovi.net. Available at: http://www.naslovi.net/2015-02-15/politika/savamala-cetvrt-umetnosti-i-tri-cetvrti-nocnog-provoda/13442161 (published: 15-02-2015; accessed: 30-06-2019).
Sennett, Richard (2018) Building and swelling: ethics for the city, London, Penguin Books.
“Serbs really against shady demolitions after masked crew tied up witnesses” (2016), in The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/26/serbs-rally-against-shady-demolitions-after-masked-crew-tied-up-witnesses (published: 26-05-2016; accessed: 15-07-2019).
Scott, Allen J (2014), “Beyond the Creative City: Cognitive-Cultural Capitalism and the New Urbanism”, in Regional Studies, vol. 48, num. 4, pp. 565-578. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2014.891010.
Službeni list grada Beograda/Official Gazette of the City of Belgrade (2014), The decision on the Abolition of the Study of High-rise Building in Belgrade, num.36/14, p. 22.
Službeni list grada Beograda/Official Gazette of the City of Belgrade (2014), Amendment of the Master Plan of Belgrade 2021, num.70/14, pp. 1-3.
Smith, Neil (1996), Gentrification, the frontiers and the restructuring of urban space, London, Routledge.
Stupar, Aleksandra (2009), Grad globalizacije- Izazovi, transformacije i simboli, Arhitektonski fakultet u Beogradu, Beograd, Orion art.
Veselinovic, Milena (2015) “How artist turned a Belgrade district from wasteland to wonderland”, in CNN. Available at: http://edition.cnn.com/2015/08/07/travel/savamala-belgrade-osm/ (published: 07-08-2015; accessed: 28-06-2019).
Vukmirović, Milena (2015), “Belgrade: The quest for the desired city image”, in Doythinov, G.; Đukić, A. & Ionita, C.-eds., Planning Capital Cities: Belgrade, Bucharest, Sofia, Graz, Verlag der Technischen Universität Graz, pp. 188-211.
Wynne, Derek (1992) The Culture industry: The Art in Urban Regeneration, Brookfield: Avebury.
Wright, Herbert (2015) “Belgrade waterfront: An unlikely place for Gulf petrodollars to settle”, in The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/dec/10/belgrade-waterfront-gulf-petrodollars-exclusive-waterside-development (published: 10-12-2015; accessed: 29-11-2019).
Zeković, Slavka; Maričić, Tamara & Vujošević, Miodrag (2018), “Megaprojects as an Instrument of Urban Planning and Development: Example of Belgrade Waterfront Project”, in Hostettler, S.; Besson, S. & Bolay, J. -eds.-, Technologies for development. From Innovation to Social impact, Cham, Springer, pp.153-162. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91068-0_13.
Zukin, Sharon & Braslow, Laura (2011), “The life cycle of New York’s creative districts: Reflections on the unanticipated consequences of unplanned cultural zones”, in City, Culture and Society, vol. 2, num. 3, pp. 131-40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccs.2011.06.003.
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29/05/2020
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Krsmanovic, K. (2020). Dos caras del frente fluvial de Belgrado: la creación contradictoria de nueva identidad urbana. Ciudades, (23), 137–157. https://doi.org/10.24197/ciudades.23.2020.137-157
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