El potencial de la economía creativa y el efecto catalizador futuro de Amazon HQ2 en el condado de Arlington
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24197/ciudades.26.2023.167-189Palabras clave:
economía creativa, placemaking, Amazon, distritos culturales, regeneración urbanaResumen
La oferta y la demanda de lugares dinámicos se consideran a menudo un objetivo de ostentación para las ciudades, y no un motor esencial para los negocios y la atracción de talento. Ante la próxima llegada de la sede de Amazon en Arlington y los posibles puestos de trabajo que se generarán, la ciudad debe prepararse para cumplir las expectativas de los residentes, los trabajadores y los inversores. Este artículo estudia, mediante un análisis cualitativo y entrevistas a profesionales relevantes, la brecha potencial entre el ecosistema creativo actual (analizando la oferta de bienes y servicios culturales), la propuesta de Arlington y los riesgos y beneficios de lograr los objetivos, teniendo en cuenta lo aprendido en Seattle. Para maximizar las expectativas, será necesario fomentar de coordinadamente el ambiente creativo a la vez que tener en cuenta la especificidad de las diferentes comunidades de Arlington y aquellos riesgos potenciales que estos cambios podrían acarrear.
Descargas
Citas
Amazon (2017), “Amazon Opens Search for Amazon HQ2 – A Second Headquarters City in North America”, About Amazon. Available at: https://press.aboutamazon.com/news-releases/news-release-details/amazon-opens-search-amazon-hq2-second-headquarters-city-north (Accessed: September 1, 2022).
Amazon (2021), “Amazon launches $2 billion Housing Equity Fund to preserve and create over 20,000 affordable homes”, About Amazon. Available at: https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/community/amazon-launches-2-billion-housing-equity-fund-to-preserve-and-create-over-20-000-affordable-homes (Accessed: December 1, 2021).
Americans for the Arts (2017), Arts & Economic Prosperity 5 Report, Washington, DC. Available at: https://www.americansforthearts.org/node/100587 (Accessed: November 1, 2022).
Arlington Economic Development Commission (2018), “Framework for Prosperity 2.0: Advancing Arlington's Dynamic Economy”. Available at: https://arlingtonva.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2018/09/May1_FrameworkPresentationToBoard.pdf (Accessed: May 3, 2022).
Arlington County (2018), “Arlington Tourism Revenue Hits Record $3.3 Billion in 2017”, News. Available at: https://www.arlingtonva.us/About-Arlington/News/Articles/2018/Arlington-Tourism-Revenue-Hits-Record-3.3-Billion-in-2017 (Accessed: September 1, 2022).
Arlington County (2020), FY 2020 Adopted Budget. Available at: https://www.arlingtonva.us/Government/Programs/Budget-Finance/FY-2020-Adopted-Budget (Accessed: April 9, 2020).
Arlington County (2021a), “Demographics by Race/Ethnicity”, Fast Facts. Available at: https://www.arlingtonva.us/files/sharedassets/public/projects/documents/data-and-research/2019raceethnicitydash_datasheet_revised_4_2_21.pdf (Accessed: April 1, 2022).
Arlington County (2021b), “NOVA's Talent Pipeline”, Workforce. Available at: https://www.arlingtoneconomicdevelopment.com/Locate-in-Arlington/Workforce (Accessed: September 1, 2022)
Arlington County (2023), “Arlington County Statement on Amazon's HQ2”, News. Available at: https://www.arlingtonva.us/About-Arlington/Newsroom/Articles/2023/Arlington-County-Statement-on-Amazons-HQ2 (Accessed: March 3, 2023)
ArlNow.com (2010), “As Thousands of Jobs Leave Arlington, Workers Plan to Stay”, ArlNow.com. Available at: https://www.arlnow.com/2010/05/19/as-thousands-of-jobs-leave-arlington-workers-plan-to-stay/ (Accessed: February 1, 2022).
ArlNow.com (2012), “Share the Road by Being a PAL”, ArlNow.com. Available at: https://www.arlnow.com/2012/03/21/video-share-the-road-by-being-a-pal/ (Accessed: December 1, 2021).
Artspace (2017), Artspace Preliminary Feasibility Report. Available at: https://arlingtonva.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/2018/08/Arlington-PFS-Report-9.19-Final-edit.pdf (Accessed: April 9, 2022).
Artspace (2018), Arts Market Study Report of Findings. Available at: https://arlingtonva.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/2018/09/Arlington-AMS-Recomendations-FINAL.pdf (Accessed: February 9, 2022).
Balk, Gene (2020), “Percentage of Black residents in Seattle is at its lowest point in 50 years”, Seattle Times. Available at: https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/data/percentage-of-blacks-living-in-seattle-at-lowest-point-in-50-years/ (Accessed: June 1, 2022).
Becattini, Giacomo (2002), “Industrial Sectors and Industrial Districts: Tools for Industrial Analysis”, European Planning Studies, vol. 10, pp. 483-494. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09654310220130194
Chapain, Caroline & Sagot-Duvauroux, Dominique (2018), “Cultural and Creative Clusters - a Systematic Literature Review and a Renewed Research Agenda”, Urban Research & Practice, vol. 13, nº3, pp. 300-329. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17535069.2018.1545141
City of Seattle (2019), “There’s Something About Seattle. 2019 Creative Economy Report”. Available at: https://www.seattle.gov/Documents/Departments/FilmAndMusic/Creative%20Economy%20Report%20Final.pdf (Accessed: May 9, 2022).
Commute Seattle (2018), “Center City Commute Seattle: Downtown Seattle Transportation”. Available at: https://commuteseattle.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/2017-Commuter-Mode-Split-Survey-Report.pdf (Accessed: May 9, 2021).
Comunian, Roberta (2011), “Rethinking the Creative City: The Role of Complexity, Networks and Interactions in the Urban Creative Economy”, Urban Studies, vol. 48, nº6, pp. 1157-1179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098010370626
County Health Rankings & Roadmaps (2020), County Health Rankings. Available at: https://www.countyhealthrankings.org/app/virginia/2020/rankings/arlington/county/outcomes/overall/snapshot (Accessed: April 8, 2022).
Crystal City BID (2020), “Area-Wide Strategic Plan the Future Cities.” Available at: https://www.crystalcity.org/_files/docs/190920_cc-bid_area-wide-strategic-plan_v8.pdf (Accessed: May 9, 2020).
ETC Institute and Arlington County (2018), “Community Satisfaction Survey, 2018”. Available at: https://www.arlingtonva.us/Government/Departments/CMO/Community-Satisfaction-Survey-2018-Results (Accessed: May 9, 2020)
Florida, Richard L (2002a), The rise of the creative class, New York, Basic Books.
Florida, Richard L. (2002b), “Bohemia and economic geography”, Journal of Economic Geography, vol. 2, nº1, pp. 55-71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/2.1.55
Florida, Richard L. (2015), “The Continued Rise of the U.S. Creative Class”, CityLab. Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-07/the-continued-rise-of-the-u-s-creative-class-by-city/ (Accessed: March 1, 2022).
Fujita, Masahisa; Krugman, Paul & Venables, Anthony J. (2000), The spatial economy cities, regions, and international trade, Cambridge (Massachusetts), London, MIT Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/6389.001.0001
Horowitz, Harold (1981), “The UNESCO Framework for Cultural Statistics and a Cultural Data Bank for Europe”, Journal of Cultural Economics, vol. 5, nº2, pp. 1-17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02221367
Howkins, John (2001), The creative economy: How people make money from ideas, London, Allen Lane.
HR&A (2019), Columbia Pike Commercial Market Study. Available at: https://www.arlingtoneconomicdevelopment.com/files/assets/aed/news-and-resources-files/columbia-pike-commercial-market-study_final.pdf (Accessed: January 1, 2022).
Huseman, Brian (2020), “Amazon marks one year and 1,000 employees in Arlington”, About Amazon. Available at: https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/job-creation-and-investment/amazon-marks-one-year-and-1-000-employees-in-arlington (Accessed: September 1, 2022).
Indeed (2020), “The Best Cities for Job Seekers in 2019”. Available at: https://blog.indeed.com/2019/06/13/best-cities-jobseekers-2019 (Accessed: January 1, 2022).
JBG Smith (2018), “Investor presentation Amazon HQ at National Landing Update, December 2018”. Available at: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1689796/000110465918072686/a18-40867_1ex99d1.htm (Accessed: May 9, 2022).
Kelly, John (2018), “Four buildings in Crystal City are covered in bright fabric. Why?”, The Washington Post. Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/four-buildings-in-crystal-city-are-covered-in-bright-fabric-why/2018/04/09/e432196a-3bea-11e8-974f-aacd97698cef_story.html (Accessed: March 1, 2022).
Landry, Charles (2012), The Creative City: A Toolkit for Urban Innovators, Hoboken, Taylor and Francis.
Landry, Charles (2013), The art of city-making, Abingdon (Oxon), Earthscan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781849772877
Landry, Charles & Pachter, Marc (2007), Culture @ the crossroads: culture and cultural Institutions at the beginning of the 21st century: considerations for Perth, Perth, W.A.
Lazzeretti, Luciana, (2003) “City of art as a High Culture local system and cultural districtualization processes: the cluster of art restoration in Florence”, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, vol. 27, nº3, pp. 635-648. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00470
Leinberger, Christopher B. & Alfonzo, Mariela (2012), Walk this way: the economic promise of walkable places in metropolitan Washington, D.C., Washington D.C., Brookings Institution.
Leinberger Christopher B. & Hadden, Tracy (2018), Catalytic development: (Re) creating walkable urban places, Washington D.C., Brookings Institution.
McCartney, Robert (2019), “Amazon in Seattle: Economic godsend or self-centered behemoth?” The Washington Post. Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/trafficandcommuting/amazon-in-seattle-economic-godsend-or-self-centered-behemoth/2019/04/08/7d29999a-4ce3-11e9-93d0-64dbcf38ba41_story.html (Accessed: June 1, 2022).
Mori Memorial Foundation & Institute for Urban Strategies (2022). Global Power City Index. Available at: https://mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/ius2/gpci2/index.shtml (Accessed: September 1, 2022).
National Assembly of State Arts Agencies (2020), Cultural District Policy Brief. Available at: https://nasaa-arts.org/nasaa_research/stateculturaldistrictspolicybrief/ (Accessed: February 1, 2022).
Nowak, Jeremy (2007), Creativity and Neighborhood Development: Strategies for Community Investment, Philadelphia, TRF.
O’Connell, Jonathan (2019), “Tim Cook hopes Apple’s $30 million rehab of D.C.’s Carnegie Library will do more than sell iPhones”, The Washington Post. Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/tim-cook-talks-about-why-apple-spent-30-million-to-rehab-dcs-carnegie-library-into-a-store/2019/05/03/1f1cdc96-6b7d-11e9-be3a-33217240a539_story.html (Accessed: April 18, 2022).
Orfield, Myron W. (2019), American Neighborhood Change in the 21st Century, Minneapolis, Institute on Metropolitan Opportunity.
Porter, Michael E. (1990), “New Global Strategies for Competitive Advantage”, Planning review, vol. 18, nº3, pp. 4-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/eb054287
Pratt, Andy C. (2008), “Creative Cities: The Cultural Industries and The Creative Class”, Geografiska Annaler, Series B: Human Geography, vol. 90, nº2, pp. 107–117. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/40205039 (Accessed: May 1, 2022).
Rabianski, Josep S.; Gibler, Karen. M.; Tidwell, Alan O. & Clements III, Sherwood J. (2009), “Mixed-Use Development: A Call for Research”, Journal of Real Estate Literature, vol. 17, nº2, pp. 205-230. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10835547.2009.12090251
Rosslyn BID & Streetsemse (2018), 2018 Perception Survey Rosslyn Business Improvement District. Available at: https://ctycms.com/va-rosslyn/docs/rosslyn-bid-2018-executive-summary-final.pdf (Accessed: May 9, 2022).
Sassen, Saskia (1991), The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo, Princeton (New Jersey), Princeton University Press.
Schweitzer, Ally (2018), “Amazon Doesn’t Need the Money”, WAMU Radio. Available at: https://wamu.org/story/18/07/19/amazon-doesnt-need-money-d-c-region-resistance-growing-tax-breaks-hq2/ (Accessed: December 1, 2022).
Southeastern Institute of Research (2016), “AED Business Study”. Available at: https://www.arlingtoneconomicdevelopment.com/index.cfm?LinkServID=17122E76-941F-CF06-B88F4D1EE62D6862&showMeta=0 (Accessed: January 10, 2022).
Throsby, David (2001), Economics and Culture, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Throsby, David (2008), “The Concentric Circles Model of the Cultural Industries”, Cultural Trends, vol. 17 (3/67), pp. 147-164. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09548960802361951
UNESCO (2017), Reshaping Cultural Policies, Advancing Creativity for Development, UNESCO.
UNESCO & World Bank (2021), Cities, Culture, Creativity: Leveraging Culture and Creativity for Sustainable Urban Development and Inclusive Growth, UNESCO.
Wickens, Eugenia (2017), “The Consumption of Cultural Experiences in City Tourism”, Tourism and Hospitality Research, vol. 17, nº3, pp. 264-271. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1467358416646606
Zandiatashbar, Ahoura; Hamidi, Shima; Foster, Nicole & Park, Keunhyun (2019), “The Missing Link between Place and Productivity? The Impact of Transit-Oriented Development on the Knowledge and Creative Economy”, Journal of Planning Education and Research, vol. 39, nº4, pp. 429-441. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X19826271
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2023 Fadrique I. Iglesias Mendizábal, José Luis García Cuesta
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
Todos los contenidos publicados en Ciudades se distribuyen bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0).
- Atribución (Attribution): en cualquier explotación de la obra autorizada por la licencia hará falta reconocer la autoría.
Los autores continúan como propietarios de sus trabajos, y pueden volver a publicar sus artículos en otro medio sin tener que solicitar autorización, siempre y cuando indiquen que el trabajo fue publicado originariamente en Ciudades.
