Easy to Read as Multimode Accessibility Service
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24197/her.21.2019.53-74Palabras clave:
Lectura fácil, accesibilidad audiovisual, servicios de accesibilidad audiovisual, modalidades de accesibilidad audiovisual, subtitulado, audiodescripción, interpretación en lenguaje de signosResumen
La accesibilidad a los medios audiovisuales está alcanzado el mercado de masas. Su reconocimiento es cada vez mayor, aunque dista aún de ser tan notoria como en las disciplinas clásicas en este ámbito: la arquitectura y el diseño accesible. El servicio de accesibilidad más conocido ha sido y continúa siendo el subtitulado. En los últimos años, el número de servicios destinados a ofrecer vías alternativas de acceso a la información ha aumentado considerablemente. Con las nuevas tecnologías, la lista de servicios seguirá creciendo. El presente artículo persigue proponer a la Lectura Fácil como un nuevo candidato a dicha lista. Primero se describe la lectura fácil y se observa como modalidad de traducción, variedad lingüística y servicio. A continuación, se presentan diferentes servicios de accesibilidad y se describe la lectura fácil. Seguidamente se proponen servicios híbridos resultantes de añadir una capa de lectura fácil para aumentar la accesibilidad. Cualquier servicio de accesibilidad enfocado a mejorar la comprensión puede aumentar su eficacia a través de la lectura fácil. Por último, se ofrecen numerosos ejemplos para facilitar la introducción de este nuevo servicio en los diferentes ámbitos de la accesibilidad, ya sea el diseño, la accesibilidad web o el transporte.
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d’Ydewalle, Géry and Wim de Bruycker (2007), “Eye Movements of Children and Adults while Reading Television Subtitles”, European Psychologist, 12, pp. 196–205.
Dalton, Bridget, and C. Patrick Proctor (2007), “Reading as Thinking: Integrating Strategy Instruction in a Universally Designed Digital Literacy Environment, in Danielle S. McNamara (ed.), Reading Comprehension Strategies: Theories, Interventions, and Technologies, Mahwah, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum, pp. 421-439.
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Fajardo, Inmaculada, Vicenta Ávila, Antonio Ferrer, Gema Tavares, Marcos Gómez and Ana Hernández (2014), “Easy-to-Read Texts For Students with Intellectual Disability: Linguistic Factors Affecting Comprehension”, Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 212-25.
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Martin, Chris William (2013), “Tattoos as Narratives: Skin and Self”, The Public Journal of Semiotics, vol. IV, no. 2, pp. 2-46.
Maszerowska, Anna, Anna Matamala, and Pilar Orero (eds.) (2014), Audio Description. New Perspectives Illustrated, Amsterdam, John Benjamins.
Matamala, Anna, and Pilar Orero (eds.) (2009), Listening to Subtitles. Subtitles for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing, Bern, Peter Lang.
Matamala, Anna, and Pilar Orero (2013), “Audiovisual Translation. When Modalities Merge,” Perspectives, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 2-4.
Ocampo, Aldo (2015), Lectura para todos. El aporte de la fácil lectura como vida para la equiparación de oportunidades, from https://www.upla.cl/inclusion/wpcontent/uploads/2015/05/LECTURA-PARA-TODOS.pdf (consulted 13/06/2017).
Orero, Pilar, and Irene Tor-Carroggio (2018), «User Requirements When Designing Learning E-content: Interaction for All», in Evangelos Kapros and Maria Koutsombogera (eds.), Designing for the User Experience in Learning Systems, Human–Computer Interaction Series, Cham, Suiza; Springer, pp. 105-121. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1007/978-3-319-94794-5-6
Pérego, Elisa, and Silvia Bruti (eds.) (2015), Subtitling Today: Shapes and Their Meaning, Newcastle upon Tyne, Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Rayner, Keith (1984), “Visual Selection in Reading, Picture Perception, and Visual Search: A Tutorial Review”, in Herman Bouma and Don G. Bouhwhuis (eds.), Attention and Performance X Control of language process, London, Erlbaum, pp. 67-96.
Rayner, Keith (1998), “Eye Movements in Reading and Information Processing: Twenty Years of Research,” Psychological Bulletin, 124, pp. 372–422.
Remael, Aline (2010), “Audiovisual Translation”, in Yves Gambier and Luc van Doorslaer (eds.), Handbook of Translation Studies, Amsterdam, John Benjamins, pp. 2-17.
Romero Fresco, Pablo (2015), The Reception of Subtitles for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing in Europe, Bern, Peter Lang.
Scior, Katrina, Aseel Hamid, Richard Hastings, Shirli Werner, Catherine Belton, Adebisi Laniyan, Maya Patel, and Maria Kett (2015), Intellectual Disabilities: Raising Awareness and Combating Stigma–A Global Review, London, University College London, from https://www.ucl.ac.uk/ciddr/publications (consulted 16/07/2017).
Schwarz, Barbara (2011), “Translation for Dubbing and Voice-over”, in Kirsten Malmkjaer and Kevin Windle (eds.), The Oxford Book of Translation Studies, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 394-409.
Special Olympics (2016), What Is an Intellectual Disability?, from http://www.specialolympics.org/ (consulted 14/07/2017).
Taylor, Christopher (2003), “Multimodal Transcription in the Analysis, Translation and Subtitling of Italian Films,” in The Translator, vol. 9, no. 2, pp.191-205. DOI: https://doi.org.10.1080/13556509.2 003.10799153
Taylor, Christopher (2004), “Multimodal Text Analysis and Subtitling,” in Eija Ventola, Charles Cassily, and Martin Kaltenbacher (eds.), Perspectives on Multimodality, Amsterdam and Philadelphia, John Benjamins, pp. 153-172.
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W3C, Word Wide Web Consortium (2015), Cognitive Accessibility User Research, accessed from https://www.w3.org/TR/coga-user-rese arch/ (consulted 10/7/2015).
WHO, World Health Organization (2001), The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), from http://www.who.int/classifications/icf/en/ (consulted 16/7/2017).
BDA, British Dyslexia Association (nd), Typefaces for Dyslexia, from https://bdatech.org/what-technology/typefaces-for-dyslexia/ (consulted 10/07/2017).
Berghs, Maria, Karl Atkin, Hilary Graham, Chris Hatton and Carol Thomas (2016), “Scoping models and theories of disability. Implications for public health research of models and theories of disability: a scoping study and evidence synthesis”, Public Health Research, vol. 4, no. 8, pp. 23-40.
Bredel, Ursula and Christiane Maaß (2016), Leichte Sprache. Theoretische Grundlagen. Orientierung für die Praxis, Berlin: Dudenverlag.
Carreras, Olga (2015), “WCAG 2.0 Extensions. ‘WCAG Cognitive Extension’, ‘WCAG Mobile Extension’, y nueva versión de las WCAG 2.0.”, from http://olgacarreras.blogspot.com.es/2015/11/ wcag-20-extensions-wcag-cognitive.html (consulted 12/06/2017).
CEAPAT (2015), Lectura fácil para todos, UNE PNE 153101, from
http://www.ceapat.es/InterPresent2/groups/imserso/documents/binario/decalogo_apoyo_lfacil.pdf (consulted 08/07/2017).
d’Ydewalle, Géry and Wim De Bruycker (2003), “Reading Native and Foreign Language Television Subtitles in Children and Adults in Jukka Hyönä, Ralph Radach, Heiner Deubel (eds.). The Mind’s Eyes: Cognitive and Applied Aspects of Eye Movement Research, New York, Springer-Verlag, pp. 444-461.
d’Ydewalle, Géry and Wim de Bruycker (2007), “Eye Movements of Children and Adults while Reading Television Subtitles”, European Psychologist, 12, pp. 196–205.
Dalton, Bridget, and C. Patrick Proctor (2007), “Reading as Thinking: Integrating Strategy Instruction in a Universally Designed Digital Literacy Environment, in Danielle S. McNamara (ed.), Reading Comprehension Strategies: Theories, Interventions, and Technologies, Mahwah, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum, pp. 421-439.
Díaz-Cintas, Jorge (2010)m “Subtitling”, in Yves Gambier and Luc van Doorslaer (eds.), Handbook of Translation Studies, Amsterdam, John Benjamins, pp. 350-355.
Díaz-Cintas, Jorge, and Pilar Orero (2010), “Voiceover and dubbing”, in Yves Gambier and Luc van Doorslaer (eds.), Handbook of Translation Studies, Amsterdam, John Benjamins, pp. 441-445.
Fajardo, Inmaculada, Vicenta Ávila, Antonio Ferrer, Gema Tavares, Marcos Gómez and Ana Hernández (2014), “Easy-to-Read Texts For Students with Intellectual Disability: Linguistic Factors Affecting Comprehension”, Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 212-25.
FEAPS Madrid (2014), “Accesibilidad Cognitiva: Guía de Recomendaciones”, from http://www.plenainclusionmadrid.org/ publicacion/guia-de-recomendaciones-en-accesibilidad-cognitiva (consulted 7/7/2017).
Flydal, Leiv (1951), “Remarques sur certains rapports entre le style et l'état de langue”, Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap, 16, pp. 240-257.
Gambier, Yves (2008), “Recent Developments and Challenges in Audiovisual Translation Research”, in Delia Chiaro, Christine Heiss, and Chiara Bucaria (eds.), Between Text and Image, Amsterdam and Philadelphia, John Benjamins, pp. 11-33.
Gambier, Yves, and Henrik Gottlieb (eds.) (2001), (Multi) Media Translation. Concepts, Practices and Research, Amsterdam / Philadelphia, John Benjamins.
Gottlieb, Henrik (2005), “Multidimensional Translation: Semantics turned Semiotics”, in Heidrun Gerzymisch-Arbogast and Sandra Nauert (eds.), Proceedings of the Marie Curie Euroconferences MuTra: Chanlleges of Multidimensional Translation (EU High Level Scientific Conference Series), pp. 33-61.
IFLA, International Federation of Library Association and Institutions (2010), Guidelines for Easy-to-Read Materials, from https://www.ifla.org/files/assets/hq/publications/professional-report /120.pdf (consulted 11/6/2017).
Inclusion Europe (2009), Information for All: European Standards for Making Information Easy to Read and Understand, from http://www.inspiredservices.org.uk/Information%20for%20all.pdf (consulted 11/6/2017).
Jakobson, Roman (1959), On Linguistic Aspects of Translation, from http://complit.utoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/COL1000H_Roman _Jakobson_LinguisticAspects.pdf (consulted 26/06/2017).
Kruger, Jan-Louis, Agnieszka Szarkowska, and Izabela Krejtz (2015), “Subtitles on the Moving Image: An Overview of Eye Tracking Studies”, Refractory, 25, from http://refractory.unimelb.edu.au /2015/02/07/kruger-szarkowska-krejtz/ (consulted 8/7/2017).
Martin, Chris William (2013), “Tattoos as Narratives: Skin and Self”, The Public Journal of Semiotics, vol. IV, no. 2, pp. 2-46.
Maszerowska, Anna, Anna Matamala, and Pilar Orero (eds.) (2014), Audio Description. New Perspectives Illustrated, Amsterdam, John Benjamins.
Matamala, Anna, and Pilar Orero (eds.) (2009), Listening to Subtitles. Subtitles for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing, Bern, Peter Lang.
Matamala, Anna, and Pilar Orero (2013), “Audiovisual Translation. When Modalities Merge,” Perspectives, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 2-4.
Ocampo, Aldo (2015), Lectura para todos. El aporte de la fácil lectura como vida para la equiparación de oportunidades, from https://www.upla.cl/inclusion/wpcontent/uploads/2015/05/LECTURA-PARA-TODOS.pdf (consulted 13/06/2017).
Orero, Pilar, and Irene Tor-Carroggio (2018), «User Requirements When Designing Learning E-content: Interaction for All», in Evangelos Kapros and Maria Koutsombogera (eds.), Designing for the User Experience in Learning Systems, Human–Computer Interaction Series, Cham, Suiza; Springer, pp. 105-121. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1007/978-3-319-94794-5-6
Pérego, Elisa, and Silvia Bruti (eds.) (2015), Subtitling Today: Shapes and Their Meaning, Newcastle upon Tyne, Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Rayner, Keith (1984), “Visual Selection in Reading, Picture Perception, and Visual Search: A Tutorial Review”, in Herman Bouma and Don G. Bouhwhuis (eds.), Attention and Performance X Control of language process, London, Erlbaum, pp. 67-96.
Rayner, Keith (1998), “Eye Movements in Reading and Information Processing: Twenty Years of Research,” Psychological Bulletin, 124, pp. 372–422.
Remael, Aline (2010), “Audiovisual Translation”, in Yves Gambier and Luc van Doorslaer (eds.), Handbook of Translation Studies, Amsterdam, John Benjamins, pp. 2-17.
Romero Fresco, Pablo (2015), The Reception of Subtitles for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing in Europe, Bern, Peter Lang.
Scior, Katrina, Aseel Hamid, Richard Hastings, Shirli Werner, Catherine Belton, Adebisi Laniyan, Maya Patel, and Maria Kett (2015), Intellectual Disabilities: Raising Awareness and Combating Stigma–A Global Review, London, University College London, from https://www.ucl.ac.uk/ciddr/publications (consulted 16/07/2017).
Schwarz, Barbara (2011), “Translation for Dubbing and Voice-over”, in Kirsten Malmkjaer and Kevin Windle (eds.), The Oxford Book of Translation Studies, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 394-409.
Special Olympics (2016), What Is an Intellectual Disability?, from http://www.specialolympics.org/ (consulted 14/07/2017).
Taylor, Christopher (2003), “Multimodal Transcription in the Analysis, Translation and Subtitling of Italian Films,” in The Translator, vol. 9, no. 2, pp.191-205. DOI: https://doi.org.10.1080/13556509.2 003.10799153
Taylor, Christopher (2004), “Multimodal Text Analysis and Subtitling,” in Eija Ventola, Charles Cassily, and Martin Kaltenbacher (eds.), Perspectives on Multimodality, Amsterdam and Philadelphia, John Benjamins, pp. 153-172.
United Nations (2008), Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) from https://www.un.org/development/desa/ disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities.h tml (consulted 1/7/2017).
Verdugo, Miguel Ángel, and Robert L. Schalock (2010), “Últimos avances en el enfoque y concepción de las personas con discapacidad intelectual”, Siglo Cero, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 721.
W3C, Word Wide Web Consortium (2015), Cognitive Accessibility User Research, accessed from https://www.w3.org/TR/coga-user-rese arch/ (consulted 10/7/2015).
WHO, World Health Organization (2001), The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), from http://www.who.int/classifications/icf/en/ (consulted 16/7/2017).
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Publicado
20/12/2019
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Bernabé Caro, R., & Orero, P. (2019). Easy to Read as Multimode Accessibility Service. Hermēneus. Revista De traducción E interpretación, (21), 53–74. https://doi.org/10.24197/her.21.2019.53-74
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