Between the perpetrator and the victim: the role of Internet intermediaries on violations against women
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24197/st.1.2019.9-27Keywords:
revenge porn, comparative legal research, gender based violence, internet service providersAbstract
The current article consists of an investigation on the treatment of the dissemination of non-consensual intimate images (NCII) in 11 countries, a phenomenon popularly known as “revengeporn”. This is the second stage of a major research initiative which has resulted in the book "The Body is the Code: legal strategies of confronting revengeporn in Brazil." In this article, we explore the policies that relate to intermediaries, Internet Service Providers (ISPs), from the point of view of their own policies and state regulation, which usually revolves around the liability of the ISPs. We analyze how this issue is categorized and classified, and how gender relations of this specific type of violence are regarded. In light of the results, this article tries to bring new elements for the debate on how to build policies that deal with gender and privacy on the Internet, from different perspectives.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Athar, R. (2015). From impunity to justice: Improving corporate policies to end technology-related violence against women in End violence: Women's rights and safety online. Association for Progressive Communications (APC). Disponible en: https://www.genderit.org/sites/default/upload/flow_corporate_policies_formatted_final.pdf .
Cecil, A.L. (2014). Taking back the internet: imposing civil liability on interactive computer services in an attempt to provide an adequate remedy to victims of non consensual pornography. Washington and Lee Law Review 71: 2513–2556.
Citron, D. K., y Franks, M. A. (2014). Criminalizing Revenge Porn. Wake Forest Law Review, 49, 345-391. Disponible en: http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2424&context=fac_pubs
Fialova, K y Fascendini, F. (2011). Voces desde espacios digitales: violencia contra las mujeres relacionada con la tecnología - informe de síntesis. Disponible en: http://www.genderit.org/es/resources/voces-desde-espacios-digitales-violencia-contra-las-mujeres-relacionadacon-la-tecnolog-in
Franks, M.A. (2017). 'Revenge Porn' Reform: A View from the Front Lines (2017). Florida Law Review, Forthcoming; University of Miami Legal Studies Research Paper No. 16-43. Disponible en: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2853789
Henry, N. y Powell, A. (2016). Sexual Violence in the Digital Age. Social & Legal Studies,25(4), 397-418. doi:10.1177/0964663915624273
Hopkins, N. (2017a). "Facebook moderators: a quick guide to their job and its challenges" in The Guardian, 21 de mayo. Disponible: https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/may/21/facebook-moderators-quick-guide-job-challenges. Acceso en 10 enero 2018.
Hopkins, N. (2017b). "Revealed: Facebook's internal rule book on sex, terrorism and violence", in The Guardian, 21 de mayo. Disponible: https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/may/21/revealed-facebook-internal-rulebook-sex-terrorism-violence. Acceso en 10 enero 2018.
Hopkins, N. y Solon, O. (2017). "Facebook flooded with 'sextortion' and 'revengeporn', files reveal" in The Guardian, 22 de mayo. Disponible: https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/may/22/facebook-flooded-with-sextortion-and-revenge-porn-files-reveal Acceso en 3 mayo 2018.
Lieu, J. (2017). "National revenge porn reporting system is a world-first", in Mashable, 16 de octubre. Disponible: https://mashable.com/2017/10/16/revenge-porn-national-portal/#1lKcbBzkuaq1 . Acceso en 26 feb 2018.
Masunaga, S. (2015) "Reddit bans revenge porn, nowit moves to stop harassment on site" in Los Angeles Times, 15 de mayo. Disponible: http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-tn-reddit-harassment-20150515-story.html. Acceso en 26 feb 2018.
Matsakis, L. (2017). "To fight revenge porn, Facebook is asking to see your nudes", in Mother board Vice, 7 de noviembre. Disponible: https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/7x478b/facebook-revenge-porn-nudes . Acceso en 26 feb 2018.
Miskolci, R. (2015) "Do armário à discrição? Regimes de visibilidade sexual das mídias de massaàs digitais”, in Pelúcio, L.; Pait, H.; Sabetine, T. No Emaranhado da Rede: gênero, sexualidade e mídia; desafios teóricos e metodológicos do presente. São Paulo: Annablume.
Neris, N., Ruiz, J.P. y Valente, M.G. (2018). Análise Comparada De Estratégias De Enfrentamento A "RevengePorn" Pelo Mundo. Revista Brasileira de Políticas Públicas, 7 (3). doi:10.5102/rbpp.v7i3.4940.
Nyst, C. (2014). Technology-related violence against women: Recent legislative trends in End violence: Women's rights and safety online. Association for Progressive Communications (APC). Disponible en: https://www.genderit.org/sites/default/upload/flowresearch_cnyst_legtrend_ln.pdf.
Pavan, E. (2017). “Internet intermediaries and online gender-based violence” En M. Segrave and L. Vitis (editedby) Gender, Technology and Violence. London: Routledge, 62-78.
Powell, A., Flynn, A y Henry, N. (2017). The picture of who is affected by revenge porn is more complex tan we first thought. Disponible: https://theconversation.com/the-picture-of-who-is-affected-by-revenge-porn-is-more-complex-than-we-first-thought-77155. Acceso en 15 ene 2018.
Romano, A. (2018). "Reddit finally bans its fórum for creepy fake celebrity porn" en Vox, 8 de febrero. Disponible: https://www.vox.com/culture/2018/2/8/16987098/reddit-bans-deepfakes-celebrity-face-swapping-porn . Acceso en 26 feb 2018.
Sylvain, O. (2017). Intermediary Design Duties. 50 Connecticut LawReview1, Fordham Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2997141. Disponible en: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2997141
Williams, B. (2017).“Facebook gives victims of revenge porn new tools to keep the ir intimate photos private”, in Mashable, 5 de abril. Disponible: https://mashable.com/2017/04/05/facebook-revenge-porn-tools/. Acceso en 26 feb 2018.
The Women’s Legal and Human Rights Bureau - WLB. (2015). “From impunity to justice: Domestic legal remedies for cases of technology-related violence against women”, 2015 Disponible en: http://www.genderit.org/sites/default/upload/flow_domestic_legal_remedies.pdf
Van Hoecke, M. (2015). Methodology of Comparative Legal Research. Law and Method. doi:10.5553/rem/.000010
Valente, M.G., Neris, N., Ruiz, J.P. y Bulgarelli, L. (2016). O Corpo é o Código: estratégias jurídicas de enfrentamento a o revenge porn no Brasil. São Paulo: InternetLab.
Data & Society (2016). Non consensual Image Sharing: One in 25 Americans has been a Victim of "Revenge Porn". Disponible en: https://datasociety.net/pubs/oh/Nonconsensual_Image_Sharing_2016.pdf
Cecil, A.L. (2014). Taking back the internet: imposing civil liability on interactive computer services in an attempt to provide an adequate remedy to victims of non consensual pornography. Washington and Lee Law Review 71: 2513–2556.
Citron, D. K., y Franks, M. A. (2014). Criminalizing Revenge Porn. Wake Forest Law Review, 49, 345-391. Disponible en: http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2424&context=fac_pubs
Fialova, K y Fascendini, F. (2011). Voces desde espacios digitales: violencia contra las mujeres relacionada con la tecnología - informe de síntesis. Disponible en: http://www.genderit.org/es/resources/voces-desde-espacios-digitales-violencia-contra-las-mujeres-relacionadacon-la-tecnolog-in
Franks, M.A. (2017). 'Revenge Porn' Reform: A View from the Front Lines (2017). Florida Law Review, Forthcoming; University of Miami Legal Studies Research Paper No. 16-43. Disponible en: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2853789
Henry, N. y Powell, A. (2016). Sexual Violence in the Digital Age. Social & Legal Studies,25(4), 397-418. doi:10.1177/0964663915624273
Hopkins, N. (2017a). "Facebook moderators: a quick guide to their job and its challenges" in The Guardian, 21 de mayo. Disponible: https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/may/21/facebook-moderators-quick-guide-job-challenges. Acceso en 10 enero 2018.
Hopkins, N. (2017b). "Revealed: Facebook's internal rule book on sex, terrorism and violence", in The Guardian, 21 de mayo. Disponible: https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/may/21/revealed-facebook-internal-rulebook-sex-terrorism-violence. Acceso en 10 enero 2018.
Hopkins, N. y Solon, O. (2017). "Facebook flooded with 'sextortion' and 'revengeporn', files reveal" in The Guardian, 22 de mayo. Disponible: https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/may/22/facebook-flooded-with-sextortion-and-revenge-porn-files-reveal Acceso en 3 mayo 2018.
Lieu, J. (2017). "National revenge porn reporting system is a world-first", in Mashable, 16 de octubre. Disponible: https://mashable.com/2017/10/16/revenge-porn-national-portal/#1lKcbBzkuaq1 . Acceso en 26 feb 2018.
Masunaga, S. (2015) "Reddit bans revenge porn, nowit moves to stop harassment on site" in Los Angeles Times, 15 de mayo. Disponible: http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-tn-reddit-harassment-20150515-story.html. Acceso en 26 feb 2018.
Matsakis, L. (2017). "To fight revenge porn, Facebook is asking to see your nudes", in Mother board Vice, 7 de noviembre. Disponible: https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/7x478b/facebook-revenge-porn-nudes . Acceso en 26 feb 2018.
Miskolci, R. (2015) "Do armário à discrição? Regimes de visibilidade sexual das mídias de massaàs digitais”, in Pelúcio, L.; Pait, H.; Sabetine, T. No Emaranhado da Rede: gênero, sexualidade e mídia; desafios teóricos e metodológicos do presente. São Paulo: Annablume.
Neris, N., Ruiz, J.P. y Valente, M.G. (2018). Análise Comparada De Estratégias De Enfrentamento A "RevengePorn" Pelo Mundo. Revista Brasileira de Políticas Públicas, 7 (3). doi:10.5102/rbpp.v7i3.4940.
Nyst, C. (2014). Technology-related violence against women: Recent legislative trends in End violence: Women's rights and safety online. Association for Progressive Communications (APC). Disponible en: https://www.genderit.org/sites/default/upload/flowresearch_cnyst_legtrend_ln.pdf.
Pavan, E. (2017). “Internet intermediaries and online gender-based violence” En M. Segrave and L. Vitis (editedby) Gender, Technology and Violence. London: Routledge, 62-78.
Powell, A., Flynn, A y Henry, N. (2017). The picture of who is affected by revenge porn is more complex tan we first thought. Disponible: https://theconversation.com/the-picture-of-who-is-affected-by-revenge-porn-is-more-complex-than-we-first-thought-77155. Acceso en 15 ene 2018.
Romano, A. (2018). "Reddit finally bans its fórum for creepy fake celebrity porn" en Vox, 8 de febrero. Disponible: https://www.vox.com/culture/2018/2/8/16987098/reddit-bans-deepfakes-celebrity-face-swapping-porn . Acceso en 26 feb 2018.
Sylvain, O. (2017). Intermediary Design Duties. 50 Connecticut LawReview1, Fordham Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2997141. Disponible en: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2997141
Williams, B. (2017).“Facebook gives victims of revenge porn new tools to keep the ir intimate photos private”, in Mashable, 5 de abril. Disponible: https://mashable.com/2017/04/05/facebook-revenge-porn-tools/. Acceso en 26 feb 2018.
The Women’s Legal and Human Rights Bureau - WLB. (2015). “From impunity to justice: Domestic legal remedies for cases of technology-related violence against women”, 2015 Disponible en: http://www.genderit.org/sites/default/upload/flow_domestic_legal_remedies.pdf
Van Hoecke, M. (2015). Methodology of Comparative Legal Research. Law and Method. doi:10.5553/rem/.000010
Valente, M.G., Neris, N., Ruiz, J.P. y Bulgarelli, L. (2016). O Corpo é o Código: estratégias jurídicas de enfrentamento a o revenge porn no Brasil. São Paulo: InternetLab.
Data & Society (2016). Non consensual Image Sharing: One in 25 Americans has been a Victim of "Revenge Porn". Disponible en: https://datasociety.net/pubs/oh/Nonconsensual_Image_Sharing_2016.pdf
Downloads
Published
16/10/2018
How to Cite
Pacetta Ruiz, J., Giorgetti Valente, M., & Neris, N. (2018). Between the perpetrator and the victim: the role of Internet intermediaries on violations against women. Sociología Y Tecnociencia, 9(1), 9–27. https://doi.org/10.24197/st.1.2019.9-27
Issue
Section
Monographic
License
Sociología y tecnociencia is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
The journal allows the authors to retain publishing rights. Authors may reprint their articles in other media without having to request authorization, provided they indicate that the article was originally published in Sociología y Tecnociencia.
