¿Disposable Matter or Personal Entity? The Human Body, Biotechnology and the Juridical Requirements of Dignity
Keywords:
Human dignity, Human body, Enhacement, TranshumanismAbstract
Biotechnological interventions affect the human body in new and powerful ways in the process of procreation, through actions of enhancement or replacement of the body, or by the search of the immortality of the body. This implies new legal challenges to prevent biotechnoscience from considering the human body as "operable and disposable matter", and treating it as the human person himself. In this article, we will study these challenges, starting from human dignity as a fundamental principle for an assessment of this biotechnology, and focusing on four legal issues: improvement interventions and their legal enforceability; the commodification of human life; growing social inequalities and the emergence of new forms of discrimination; and the principle of integrity of the human species.
Downloads
References
Andorno, R. (2004). Validez del principio de precaución como instrumento jurídico para la prevención y la gestión de riesgos. In: Romeo-Casabona, C. (Coord.) (Ed.), Principio de Precaución, biotecnología y derecho (pp. 17–33). Bilbao: Universidad Deusto/Comares.
Andorno, R. (2009). Human dignity and human rights as a common ground for a global bioethics. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 34 (3), 223–240. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmp/jhp023
Aparisi Miralles, A. (2013). El principio de la dignidad humana como fundamento de un bioderecho global. Cuadernos de Bioética, 24(81), 201–222. Retrieved from http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=4527900&info=resumen&idioma=ENG
Arias de Ronchietto, C. E. (2001). Procreación humana, ingeniería genética y procreación artificial. In: Borda, G.A. (Ed.), La persona humana. Buenos Aires: Editorial La Ley.
Ballesteros, J. (2012). Más allá de la eugenesia: el posthumanismo como negación del homo patiens. Cuadernos de Bioética, XXIII, 15–23.
Baylis, F., & Robert, J. S. (2004). The inevitability of genetic enhancement technologies. Bioethics, 18(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2004.00376.x
Bellver Capella, V. (2014). Ética y políticas ante la investigación para extender la vida humana. Cuadernos de Bioética, XXV(3), 493–506.
Bostrom, N. (2009). Dignity and Enhancement. Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice2, 2, 84–115.
Byk, C. (1998). A map to a new treasure island: the human genome and the concept of common heritage. The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 23(3), 234–246. https://doi.org/10.1076/jmep.23.3.234.2589
Chávez Fernández Postigo, J. (2012). La dignidad como fundamento de los derechos humanos en las sentencias del Tribunal Constitucional peruano: la tensión entre la mera autonomía y la libertad ontológica. Lima: Palestra.
Colombetti, E. (2014). Posthumanismo contemporáneo: tecnología y singularidad humana. Cuadernos de Bioética, XXV(3), 367–377.
Daniels, N., Buchanan, A., Brock, D., & Wikler, D. (2000). Normal Functioning and the Treatment- Enhancement Distinction Treatment vs. Enhancement: Wide Use, Hard Cases, Strong Criticism. Genetics and Justice.
Davis, D. S. (1997). Genetics Dilemmas and the Child’s Right to an Open Future. Rutgers Law Journal, 28, 549.
Habermas, J. (2004). El futuro de la naturaleza humana. ¿Hacia una eugenesia liberal? (T. de R. S. Carbó, Ed.). Buenos Aires: Paidós.
Handyside, A. H., Kontogianni, E. H., Hardy, K., & Winston, R. M. L. (1990). Pregnancies from biopsied human preimplantation embryos sexed by Y-specific DNA amplification. Nature, 344(6268), 768–770. https://doi.org/10.1038/344768a0
Harari, Y. N. (2016). Homo Deus. Breve historia del mañana. (T. J. Ros, Ed.). Buenos Aires: Debate.
Hayles, K. (1999). How We Became Posthuman? Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature and Informatics. How we became posthuman: virtual bodies in cybernetics, literature, and informatics. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.1353/mfs.1999.0096
Herrera, D. A. (2010). La ley natural y la persona humana como principio y fundamento del derecho y del orden jurídico. In Juan Ignacio Pérez Cursi (Ed.), Los derechos humanos en Latinoamérica. Buenos Aires: EDUCA.
Herrera, D. A. (2012). La persona y el fundamento de los derechos humanos. Buenos Aires: EDUCA.
Hoevel, C. (2009). Hacia el paradigma del don. Revista de Cultura Económica, XXVII(75–76), 83–96. Retrieved from http://www.uca.edu.ar/uca/common/grupo12/files/Cultura_Economica_75-76_-_06.pdf
Hoyos Castañeda, I. M. (2005). De la dignidad y de los derechos humanos (1st ed.). Bogotá: Universidad de la Sabana.
Human Fertilisation and Embriology Authority. (2007). Hybrids and Chimeras. Londres. Retrieved from http://www.hfea.gov.uk/docs/Hybrids_Report.pdf
Ienca, M., & Andorno, R. (2017). Towards new human rights in the age of neuroscience and neurotechnology. Life Sciences, Society and Policy, 13(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40504-017-0050-1
Jensen, S. J. (2014). The Roots of Transhumanism. English Edition, 12(2), 515–541.
Juengst, E. T. (1997). Can enhancement be distinguished from prevention in genetic medicine? The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 22(2), 125–142. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmp/22.2.125
Kass, L. R. (2008). Defending human dignity. Human Dignity and Bioethics, 297–331.
Lander, E. S., Linton, L. M., Birren, B., Nusbaum, C., Zody, M. C., Baldwin, J., … International Human Genome Sequencing, C. (2001). Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature, 409(6822), 860–921. https://doi.org/10.1038/35057062
Lee, P., & George, R. (2009). The Nature and Basis of Human Dignity. In E. D. Pellegrino, A. Schulman, & T. W. Merrill (Eds.), Human dignity and bioethics. Washington: The President’s Council on Bioethics - University of Notre Dame Press. Retrieved from https://bioethicsarchive.georgetown.edu/pcbe/reports/human_dignity/chapter16.html
Levine, A. D. (2010). Self - Regulation , Compensation , and the Ethical Recruitment of Oocyte Donors. Hastings Center Report, 40(2), 25–36.
Massini Correas, C. I. (2004). ¿Existe un principio ético de autonomía? Consideraciones a partir de la bioética contemporánea. Anuario Da Facultade de Dereito Da Universidade Da Coruña, (8), 487–504.
Massini Correas, C. I. (2017). La noción de dignidad de la persona y su relevancia constitutiva en el derecho. Prudentia Iuris, 83.
Melendo, T. (1994). Dignidad humana y libertad en la bioética. Cuadernos de Bioética, (1–2), 73–79.
Meltzer Henry, L. (2011). the Jurisprudence of Dignity. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 160(1), 169–233.
Morandé Court, P. (2002). Bioetica y organizacion funcional de la sociedad. Acta Bioethica, 8(1), 101–110. https://doi.org/10.4067/s1726-569x2002000100010
Nam, J. (2015). Biomedical enhancements as justice. Bioethics, 29(2), 126–132. https://doi.org/10.1111/bioe.12061
O’Mathúna, D. (2013). Human Dignity and the Ethics of Human Enhancement. Trans-Humanities Journal, 6(1), 99–120.
Otlowski, M., Taylor, S., & Bombard, Y. (2012). Genetic Discrimination: International Perspectives. Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-genom-090711-163800
Padrón, H. J. (2016). Sabiduría, Naturaleza y enfermedad. In H. J. Padrón (Ed.), Itinerario de la Acedia. Desde la antigüedad tardía hasta algunos ecos actuales (pp. 169–209). Córdoba: Editorial Galeón.
Parens, E. (1998). Is better always good? The Enhancement Project. The Hastings Center Report, 28(1), S1–S17. https://doi.org/10.2307/3527981
Quintana, E. (2017). Dignidad y deberes humanos. Prudentia Iuris2, 83.
Rakowski, E. (2002). Who Should pay for bad genes. California Law Review, 90(5), 1345–1414.
Reis, A., Hornblower, B., Robb, B., & Tzertzinis, G. (2014). CRISPR/Cas9 and targeted genome editing: a new era in molecular biology. NEB Expressions, 1, 3–6. Retrieved from https://www.neb.com/tools-and-resources/feature-articles/crispr-cas9-and-targeted-genome-editing-a-new-era-in-molecular-biology
Ruth Macklin. (2003). Dignity is a useless concept. BMJ: British Medical Journal (International Edition), 327(7429), 1419–1420.
Sartea, C. (2017). Vulnerabilidad humana y bioderecho. La dignidad del vulnerable no tiene precio. Cuadernos de Bioética XXVIII, XXVIII(1), 99–108.
Savulescu, J. (2001). Procreative Beneficence: Why We Should Select the Best Children. Bioethics, 15(5–6), 413–426. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8519.00251
Savulescu, J., & Kahane, G. (2009). The moral obligation to create children with the best chance of the best life. Bioethics. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2008.00687.x
Spaemann, R. (1998). Sobre el concepto de dignidad humana. In C. I. Massini Correas & P. Serna (Eds.), El derecho a la vida (p. 91). Pamplona: Ediciones Universidad de Navarra SA.
Spaemann, R. (2003). Límites. Acerca de la dimensión ética del actuar. (T. de J. F. R. y J. M. Sierra, Ed.). Madrid: Ediciones Internacionales Universitarias S.A.
Sparrow, R. (2013). In Vitro Eugenics. Journal of Medical Genetics, 0, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1136/
Talavera Fernández, P. (2016). Las dificultades que el actual paradigma subjetivista de la salud comporta en su configuración como derecho humano universal. Revista Boliviana de Derecho, 21, 16–47.
Valera, L. (2014). Posthumanism: beyond humanism? Cuadernos de Bioética : Revista Oficial de La Asociación Española de Bioética Y Ética Médica, 25(3), 481–492.
Venter, J. C., Adams, M. D., Myers, E. W., Li, P. W., Mural, R. J., Sutton, G. G., … Zhu, X. (2001). The sequence of the human genome. Science (New York, N.Y.), 291(5507), 1304–1351. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1058040
Verstraete, M. (2011). El cuerpo como identidad de ser. Revista de Derecho de Familia Y de Las Personas, 3(1), 193–199.
Yan, L. Y., Wei, Y., Huang, J., Zhu, X. H., Shi, X. D., Xia, X., … Qiao, J. (2014). Advances in preimplantation genetic diagnosis/screening. Science China Life Sciences, 57(7), 665–671. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-014-4683-5
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Sociología y tecnociencia is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
The journal allows the authors to retain publishing rights. Authors may reprint their articles in other media without having to request authorization, provided they indicate that the article was originally published in Sociología y Tecnociencia.