Determinants of Poverty in Indonesia
Keywords:
Poverty; Human Development Index; Social protection, and Unemployment program; Indonesia.Abstract
In Indonesia, the poverty profile is relatively robust and has become a national problem, especially the inequality gap between rich and poor is widening. In this wake, the main purpose of this study was to analyze the factors that have influenced the poverty in Indonesia since 2013 until 2019. The poverty was measured based on the basic needs approach. The secondary data, retrieved from Central Bureau of Statistics and the Ministry of Finance, Republic of Indonesia, were used. The aggregated percentage of poverty from 34 provinces in Indonesia was employed as dependent variable. Meanwhile, the independent variables were the human development index, social protection, program, and unemployment. Multiple linear regression models were applied to test the hypotheses. This research revealed that human development index, and social protection program had significant but negative impact on poverty. In contrast, the unemployment had a positive but less significant impact on the poverty. Thus, the government must improve HDI, promote social protection, and apply innovative employment programs to alleviate poverty.
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References
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Cecchini, S. (2014). Social Protection, Poverty and Inequality: A Comparative Perspective. Southeast Asian Economies, 31(1), 18-25. https://doi.org/10.1355/ae31-1
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Giovanni, R. (2018). Analisis Pengaruh PDRB, Pengangguran dan Pendidikan Terhadap Tingkat Kemiskinan di Pulau Jawa Tahun 2009-2016. Economics Development Analysis Journal, 7(1), 23–31. https://doi.org/10.15294/edaj.v7i1.21922
Hidayatina, A., & Garces-Ozanne, A. (2019). Can cash transfers mitigate child labour? Evidence from Indonesia’s cash transfer programme for poor students in Java. World Development Perspectives, 15(1), 100-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2019.100129
K. Mustaqimah , S. Hartoyo, I. F. (2017). Peran Belanja Modal Pemerintah dan Investasi Pembangunan Manusia Dalam Mengurangi Tingkat Kemiskinan di Indonesia. Ekonomi, Jurnal Pembanguan, Kebijakan, 6(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.29244/jekp.6.2.1-15
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Ketut, N., & Endrayani, E. (2016). Analisis Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Tingkat Kemiskinan Kabupaten / Kota Di Provinsi Bali. E-Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Udayana, 5(1) 1(1), 63–88. HYPERLINK "https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/EEB/article/view/17369" \t "_new" https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/EEB/article/view/17369
Klasen, S., & Waibel, H. (2015). Vulnerability to Poverty in South-East Asia: Drivers, Measurement, Responses, and Policy Issues. World Development, 71(1), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.01.007
Kurniawan, D. (2008). Regresi Linier. Statistic, 1–6. Retrieved from http://www.r-project.org
Leonita, L., & Kurnia Sari, R. (2019). Pengaruh Pdrb, Pengangguran Dan Pembangunan Manusia Terhadap Kemiskinan Di Indonesia. ISOQUANT: Jurnal Ekonomi, Manajemen Dan Akuntansi, 3(2), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.24269/iso.v3i2.252
Lindiasari S, P., & Ramadhani, A. W. (2019). Efektifitas Bantuan Sosial Dalam Penanggulangan Kemiskinan di Tengah Perlambatan Ekonomi Indonesia Dengan Pendekatan Non-Parametrik. 47(3), 209–222. https://doi.org/10.1360/N972016-00877
Lowder, S. K., Bertini, R., & Croppenstedt, A. (2017). Poverty, social protection and agriculture: Levels and trends in data. Global Food Security, 15(1), 94–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2017.06.001
Manning, C., & Pratomo, D. (2018). Labour market developments in the Jokowi Years. Journal of Southeast Asian Economies, 35(2), 165–184. https://doi.org/10.1355/ae35-2d
Marcus, G. L., Wattimanela, H. J., & Lesnussa, Y. A. (2012). Analisis Regresi Komponen Utama Untuk Mengatasi Masalah Multikolinieritas Dalam Analisis Regresi Linier Berganda. BAREKENG: Jurnal Ilmu Matematika Dan Terapan, 6(1), 31–40. https://doi.org/10.30598/barekengvol6iss1pp31-40
McCarthy, J., & Sumarto, M. (2018). Distributional politics and social protection in Indonesia: Dilemma of layering, nesting and social fit in Jokowi’s poverty policy. Journal of Southeast Asian Economies, 35(2), 223–236. https://doi.org/10.1355/ae35-2g
Ministry of Finance. (2019, June 26). Alokasi Anggaran Pengentasan Kemiskinan.. Retrieved from http://www.data-apbn.kemenkeu.go.id/Dataset/Details/1016
Miranti, R. (2017). Understanding the Relationships between Development Factors and Regional Poverty: What Have We Learned from Indonesia?. Journal of Poverty, 21(6), 483–507. https://doi.org/10.1080/10875549.2017.1348420
Misdawita, & Sari, A. A. P. S. (2013). Analisis Dampak Pengeluaran Pemerintah Di Bidang Pendidikan, Kesehatan, Dan Pengeluaran Subsidi Terhadap Kemiskinan Di Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi & Kebijakan Publik, 4(1), 147–161. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22212/jekp.v4i2.50
Murjani, A. (2019). Short-Run and Long-Run Impact of Inflation, Unemployment, and Economic Growth Towards Poverty in Indonesia: Ardl Approach. Jurnal Dinamika Ekonomi Pembangunan, 2(1), 15–29. https://doi.org/10.14710/jdep.2.1.15-29
Ningrum, S. S. (2017). Analisis Pengaruh Tingkat Pengangguran Terbuka, Indeks Pembangunan Manusia, Dan Upah Minimum Terhadap Jumlah Penduduk Miskin Di Indonesia Tahun 2011-2015. Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan, 15(2), 184. https://doi.org/10.22219/jep.v15i2.5364
Nursini, N. (2020). Micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) and poverty reduction: empirical evidence from Indonesia. Development Studies Research, 7(1), 153–166. https://doi.org/10.1080/21665095.2020.1823238
OECD. (2019). Social Protection System Review of Indonesia, OECD Development Pathways, OECD. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1787/788e9d71-en%0A
OIC Report. (2015). Measurement of Poverty in OIC Member Contries. OIC Report. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.14405.86242
Olken, B. A. (2019). Designing Anti-Poverty Programs in Emerging Economies in the 21st Century: Lessons from Indonesia for the World. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 55(3), 319–339. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2019.1690411
Pahlawan, Putri Yaumul, dan R. (2018). the Effect of Education Level, Unemployment Rate and Economic Growth on Poverty Rate in Indonesia 2012-2017 Period. Journal of Maliksussaleh Public Economics, 01(02), 44–49. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.29103/jmpe.v1i2.882
Palupi Lindiasari Samputra, A. I. M. (2019). Korupsi, Indikator Makro Ekonomi, dan IPM terhadap Tingkat Kemiskinan di Indonesia Palupi. Jurnal Ekonomi Kuantitatif Terapan, 12(1), 35–46. https://doi.org/10.1145/585842.585852
Prasetyoningrum, A. K. (2018). Analisis Pengaruh Indeks Pembangunan Manusia (Ipm), Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Dan Pengangguran Terhadap Kemiskinan Di Indonesia. Equilibrium: Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah, 6(2), 217. https://doi.org/10.21043/equilibrium.v6i2.3663
Priebe, J. (2016). How Robust Is Indonesia’s Poverty Profile? Adjusting for Differences in Needs. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 52(2), 229–248. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2015.1133801
Ramesh, M. (2014). Social Protection in Indonesia and the Philippines: Work in Progress. Southeast Asian Economies, 31(1), 40. https://doi.org/10.1355/ae31-1c
Saparuddin Mukhtar, Ari Saptono, A. S. A. (2019). The Analysis of the Effects of Human Development Index and Opened Unemployment Levels to the Poverty in Indonesia. Jurnal Ecoplan, 2(2), 77–89.
Sasana, H., & Kusuma, P. (2018). Government Expenditure and Poverty in Indonesia. KnE Social Sciences, 3(10), 142. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v3i10.3125
Sotomayor, O. J. (2021). Can the minimum wage reduce poverty and inequality in the developing world? Evidence from Brazil. World Development, 138(1), 105-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105182
Suharto, E. (2015). Peran Perlindungan Sosial Dalam Mengatasi Kemiskinan Di Indonesia: Studi Kasus Program Keluarga Harapan. Sosiohumaniora, 1(1), 22-28.https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24198/sosiohumaniora.v17i1.5668
Suryahadi, A., & Al Izzati, R. (2018). Cards for the poor and funds for Villages: Jokowi’s initiatives to reduce poverty and inequality. Journal of Southeast Asian Economies, 35(2), 200–222. https://doi.org/10.1355/ae35-2f
Tohari, A., Parsons, C., & Rammohan, A. (2019). Targeting poverty under complementarities: Evidence from Indonesia’s unified targeting system. Journal of Development Economics, 140(1), 127–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2019.06.002
Uyanık, G. K., & Güler, N. (2013). A Study on Multiple Linear Regression Analysis. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 106(1), 234–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.12.027
World Bank. (2019, December 20). The World Bank Data. Retrieved from The World Bank: https://data.worldbank.org/topic/poverty
Yusuf, A. A. (2018). The direct and indirect effect of cash transfers: the case of Indonesia. International Journal of Social Economics, 45(5), 792–806. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-03-2017-0072
Zuhdiyaty, N., & Kaluge, D. (2018). Analisis Faktor - Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Kemiskinan Di Indonesia Selama Lima Tahun Terakhir. Jurnal Ilmiah Bisnis Dan Ekonomi Asia, 11(2), 27–31. https://doi.org/10.32812/jibeka.v11i2.42
Arham, M. A., & Payu, B. R. (2020). Village Fund Transfer and Rural Poverty in Indonesia. Economics Development Analysis Journal, 8(4), 324–334. https://doi.org/10.15294/edaj.v8i4.31698
Avi Budi Setiawan, F. A. (2017). The determinant of Poverty in Indonesia. Economics Development Analysis Journal, 6(1), 22–29. http://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/edaj
Bandiyono, A. (2018). Pengaruh Belanja Pemerintah Daerah Berdasarkan Fungsi Terhadap Peningkatan Ipm Dan Pengentasan Kemiskinan ( Studi Pada Kabupaten/Kota Di Provinsi Aceh). Info Artha, 2(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.31092/jia.v2i1.235
Budhijana, R. B. (2017). Analisis Pengaruh Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Inflasi Dan Pengangguran Terhadap Kemiskinan Di Indonesia (2000-2017). VOL 5, NO(3), 43. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Brody, J. E. (2007, December 11). Mental reserves keep brain agile. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com
Cecchini, S. (2014). Social Protection, Poverty and Inequality: A Comparative Perspective. Southeast Asian Economies, 31(1), 18-25. https://doi.org/10.1355/ae31-1
Central Bureau of Statistics. (2020, February 26). IPM. Retrieved from BPS: HYPERLINK "https://www.bps.go.id/dynamictable/2020/02/18/1772/indeks-pembangunan-manusia-menurut-provinsi-metode-baru-2010-2019.html" https://www.bps.go.id/dynamictable/2020/02/18/1772/indeks-pembangunan-manusia-menurut-provinsi-metode-baru-2010-2019.html
Central Bureau of Statistics. (2020, May 21). Tenaga Kerja. Retrieved from BPS: https://www.bps.go.id/subject/6/tenaga-kerja.html
Central Bureau of Statistics. (2020, July 17). Kemiskinan dan Ketimpangan. Retrieved from BPS: https://www.bps.go.id/dynamictable/2016/08/18/1219/persentase-penduduk%20miskin-menurut-provinsi-2007---2019.html
Central Bureau of Statistics. (2020, November 30). Tenaga Kerja. Retrieved from BPS: HYPERLINK "https://www.bps.go.id/dynamictable/2020/02/19/1774/tingkat-pengangguran-terbuka-tpt-menurut-provinsi-1986---2019.html" https://www.bps.go.id/dynamictable/2020/02/19/1774/tingkat-pengangguran-terbuka-tpt-menurut-provinsi-1986---2019.html
Cook, S., & Pincus, J. (2014). Poverty, Inequality and Social Protection in Southeast Asia: An Introduction. Southeast Asian Economies, 31(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1355/ae31-1a
Giovanni, R. (2018). Analisis Pengaruh PDRB, Pengangguran dan Pendidikan Terhadap Tingkat Kemiskinan di Pulau Jawa Tahun 2009-2016. Economics Development Analysis Journal, 7(1), 23–31. https://doi.org/10.15294/edaj.v7i1.21922
Hidayatina, A., & Garces-Ozanne, A. (2019). Can cash transfers mitigate child labour? Evidence from Indonesia’s cash transfer programme for poor students in Java. World Development Perspectives, 15(1), 100-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2019.100129
K. Mustaqimah , S. Hartoyo, I. F. (2017). Peran Belanja Modal Pemerintah dan Investasi Pembangunan Manusia Dalam Mengurangi Tingkat Kemiskinan di Indonesia. Ekonomi, Jurnal Pembanguan, Kebijakan, 6(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.29244/jekp.6.2.1-15
Kalpika Sunu, M. K., & Suyana Utama, M. (2019). Pengaruh Dana Desa Terhadap Tingkat Kemiskinan Dan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat Di Kabupaten/Kota Provinsi Bali. E-Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Bisnis Universitas Udayana, 8(1), 843. https://doi.org/10.24843/eeb.2019.v08.i08.p02
Ketut, N., & Endrayani, E. (2016). Analisis Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Tingkat Kemiskinan Kabupaten / Kota Di Provinsi Bali. E-Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Udayana, 5(1) 1(1), 63–88. HYPERLINK "https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/EEB/article/view/17369" \t "_new" https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/EEB/article/view/17369
Klasen, S., & Waibel, H. (2015). Vulnerability to Poverty in South-East Asia: Drivers, Measurement, Responses, and Policy Issues. World Development, 71(1), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.01.007
Kurniawan, D. (2008). Regresi Linier. Statistic, 1–6. Retrieved from http://www.r-project.org
Leonita, L., & Kurnia Sari, R. (2019). Pengaruh Pdrb, Pengangguran Dan Pembangunan Manusia Terhadap Kemiskinan Di Indonesia. ISOQUANT: Jurnal Ekonomi, Manajemen Dan Akuntansi, 3(2), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.24269/iso.v3i2.252
Lindiasari S, P., & Ramadhani, A. W. (2019). Efektifitas Bantuan Sosial Dalam Penanggulangan Kemiskinan di Tengah Perlambatan Ekonomi Indonesia Dengan Pendekatan Non-Parametrik. 47(3), 209–222. https://doi.org/10.1360/N972016-00877
Lowder, S. K., Bertini, R., & Croppenstedt, A. (2017). Poverty, social protection and agriculture: Levels and trends in data. Global Food Security, 15(1), 94–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2017.06.001
Manning, C., & Pratomo, D. (2018). Labour market developments in the Jokowi Years. Journal of Southeast Asian Economies, 35(2), 165–184. https://doi.org/10.1355/ae35-2d
Marcus, G. L., Wattimanela, H. J., & Lesnussa, Y. A. (2012). Analisis Regresi Komponen Utama Untuk Mengatasi Masalah Multikolinieritas Dalam Analisis Regresi Linier Berganda. BAREKENG: Jurnal Ilmu Matematika Dan Terapan, 6(1), 31–40. https://doi.org/10.30598/barekengvol6iss1pp31-40
McCarthy, J., & Sumarto, M. (2018). Distributional politics and social protection in Indonesia: Dilemma of layering, nesting and social fit in Jokowi’s poverty policy. Journal of Southeast Asian Economies, 35(2), 223–236. https://doi.org/10.1355/ae35-2g
Ministry of Finance. (2019, June 26). Alokasi Anggaran Pengentasan Kemiskinan.. Retrieved from http://www.data-apbn.kemenkeu.go.id/Dataset/Details/1016
Miranti, R. (2017). Understanding the Relationships between Development Factors and Regional Poverty: What Have We Learned from Indonesia?. Journal of Poverty, 21(6), 483–507. https://doi.org/10.1080/10875549.2017.1348420
Misdawita, & Sari, A. A. P. S. (2013). Analisis Dampak Pengeluaran Pemerintah Di Bidang Pendidikan, Kesehatan, Dan Pengeluaran Subsidi Terhadap Kemiskinan Di Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi & Kebijakan Publik, 4(1), 147–161. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22212/jekp.v4i2.50
Murjani, A. (2019). Short-Run and Long-Run Impact of Inflation, Unemployment, and Economic Growth Towards Poverty in Indonesia: Ardl Approach. Jurnal Dinamika Ekonomi Pembangunan, 2(1), 15–29. https://doi.org/10.14710/jdep.2.1.15-29
Ningrum, S. S. (2017). Analisis Pengaruh Tingkat Pengangguran Terbuka, Indeks Pembangunan Manusia, Dan Upah Minimum Terhadap Jumlah Penduduk Miskin Di Indonesia Tahun 2011-2015. Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan, 15(2), 184. https://doi.org/10.22219/jep.v15i2.5364
Nursini, N. (2020). Micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) and poverty reduction: empirical evidence from Indonesia. Development Studies Research, 7(1), 153–166. https://doi.org/10.1080/21665095.2020.1823238
OECD. (2019). Social Protection System Review of Indonesia, OECD Development Pathways, OECD. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1787/788e9d71-en%0A
OIC Report. (2015). Measurement of Poverty in OIC Member Contries. OIC Report. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.14405.86242
Olken, B. A. (2019). Designing Anti-Poverty Programs in Emerging Economies in the 21st Century: Lessons from Indonesia for the World. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 55(3), 319–339. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2019.1690411
Pahlawan, Putri Yaumul, dan R. (2018). the Effect of Education Level, Unemployment Rate and Economic Growth on Poverty Rate in Indonesia 2012-2017 Period. Journal of Maliksussaleh Public Economics, 01(02), 44–49. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.29103/jmpe.v1i2.882
Palupi Lindiasari Samputra, A. I. M. (2019). Korupsi, Indikator Makro Ekonomi, dan IPM terhadap Tingkat Kemiskinan di Indonesia Palupi. Jurnal Ekonomi Kuantitatif Terapan, 12(1), 35–46. https://doi.org/10.1145/585842.585852
Prasetyoningrum, A. K. (2018). Analisis Pengaruh Indeks Pembangunan Manusia (Ipm), Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Dan Pengangguran Terhadap Kemiskinan Di Indonesia. Equilibrium: Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah, 6(2), 217. https://doi.org/10.21043/equilibrium.v6i2.3663
Priebe, J. (2016). How Robust Is Indonesia’s Poverty Profile? Adjusting for Differences in Needs. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 52(2), 229–248. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2015.1133801
Ramesh, M. (2014). Social Protection in Indonesia and the Philippines: Work in Progress. Southeast Asian Economies, 31(1), 40. https://doi.org/10.1355/ae31-1c
Saparuddin Mukhtar, Ari Saptono, A. S. A. (2019). The Analysis of the Effects of Human Development Index and Opened Unemployment Levels to the Poverty in Indonesia. Jurnal Ecoplan, 2(2), 77–89.
Sasana, H., & Kusuma, P. (2018). Government Expenditure and Poverty in Indonesia. KnE Social Sciences, 3(10), 142. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v3i10.3125
Sotomayor, O. J. (2021). Can the minimum wage reduce poverty and inequality in the developing world? Evidence from Brazil. World Development, 138(1), 105-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105182
Suharto, E. (2015). Peran Perlindungan Sosial Dalam Mengatasi Kemiskinan Di Indonesia: Studi Kasus Program Keluarga Harapan. Sosiohumaniora, 1(1), 22-28.https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24198/sosiohumaniora.v17i1.5668
Suryahadi, A., & Al Izzati, R. (2018). Cards for the poor and funds for Villages: Jokowi’s initiatives to reduce poverty and inequality. Journal of Southeast Asian Economies, 35(2), 200–222. https://doi.org/10.1355/ae35-2f
Tohari, A., Parsons, C., & Rammohan, A. (2019). Targeting poverty under complementarities: Evidence from Indonesia’s unified targeting system. Journal of Development Economics, 140(1), 127–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2019.06.002
Uyanık, G. K., & Güler, N. (2013). A Study on Multiple Linear Regression Analysis. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 106(1), 234–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.12.027
World Bank. (2019, December 20). The World Bank Data. Retrieved from The World Bank: https://data.worldbank.org/topic/poverty
Yusuf, A. A. (2018). The direct and indirect effect of cash transfers: the case of Indonesia. International Journal of Social Economics, 45(5), 792–806. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-03-2017-0072
Zuhdiyaty, N., & Kaluge, D. (2018). Analisis Faktor - Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Kemiskinan Di Indonesia Selama Lima Tahun Terakhir. Jurnal Ilmiah Bisnis Dan Ekonomi Asia, 11(2), 27–31. https://doi.org/10.32812/jibeka.v11i2.42
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Published
07/12/2021
How to Cite
Wiranatakusuma, D. B., & Primambudi, G. (2021). Determinants of Poverty in Indonesia. Sociología Y Tecnociencia, 11(2), 243–267. Retrieved from https://revistas.uva.es/index.php/sociotecno/article/view/5426
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Monographic
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