From peace to peace(s): the impact of the local participation in the contemporary global concept of peacebuilding. Lessons from Indonesia and Mozambique*
Keywords:
International Relations; Peace and Conflict; Local Participation; Indonesia; MozambiqueAbstract
The current article analyzes the relationship between the involvement of the ‘locals’ in peacebuilding processes and development of the new multi-concepts of peace. In the first part, we present the concept of peace in the international relations (IR) discipline and how, in the 20th century, peace studies were established as a discipline within IR until it became an independent discipline separated from IR. The current article also analyzes critically how the involvement of the ‘locals’ has influenced the contemporary global concept of peace and conflict. In the second part, we present two cases: the Ambon conflict in Indonesia and the recent history of conflicts in Mozambique.
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References
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Cornago, Noé (2015). Introducción al postestructuralismo para internacionalistas. En Del Arenal, C. y Sanahuja, J.A. (coord.) Teorías de las Relaciones Internacionales (pp. 219-241). Madrid: Tecnos.
Cox, Robert W. (1981). Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 10 (2), 126-155
CRCS. (2020). Beta Mau Jumpa (I want to meet). YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pIsORJoEUgY
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Darch, Colin (2018). “Uma História de Sucesso que Correu Mal? O Conflito Moçambicano e o Processo de Paz numa Perspectiva Histórica”. FES-Mozambique. Handle: https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/mosambik/14458.pdf
Dillon, M. y Reid, J. (2009). The Liberal Way of War. Killing to make life live. Abingdon y Nueva York: Routledge
Donais, Timothy (2008). Understanding Local Ownership in Security Sector Reform. En Donais, T. (Ed.) Local Ownership and Security Sector Reform (pp. 3-18). Hamburgo: Lit Verlag.
Dusza, K. (1989). Max Weber’s Conception of the State.pdf. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, 3(1), 71–105.
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Galtung, J. (1964). An editorial. Journal of Peace Research, 1 (1), 1-4. DOI: 10.1177/002234336400100101.
Galtung, J. (1996). Peace Studies: An Epistemological Basis. En Galtung, J. (ed.) Peace by Peaceful means: Peace and Conflict, Development and Civilization (pp. 9-23). Londres: SAGE Publications.
Gischa, S. (2020, August 10). Bagaimana Portugis dan Spanyol Bertemu di Maluku? Kompas. https://www.kompas.com/skola/read/2020/08/10/152536369/bagaimana-portugis-dan-spanyol-bertemu-di-maluku?page=all.
Heathershaw, J. (2008). Unpacking the Liberal Peace: The Dividing and Merging of Peacebuilding Discourses. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 36 (3), 597-621. DOI: 10.1177/03058298080360031101.
Heathershaw, J. (2013). Towards Better theories of peacebuilding: beyond the liberal peace debate. Peacebuilding, 1 (2), 275-282. DOI: 10.1080/21647259.2013.783260.
Heryanto, A. (2005). State Terrorism and Political Identity in Indonesia: Fatally Belonging. State Terrorism and Political Identity in Indonesia: Fatally Belonging, 1–242. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203099827
Hughes, C. y Pupavac, V. (2005). Framing Post-conflict Societies: international pathologisation of Cambodia and the post-Yugoslav states. Third World Quarterly, 26 (6), 873-889. DOI: 10.1080/01436590500089232.
Íñiguez de Heredia, Marta (2017). Everyday Resistance, Peacebuilding and State-Making. Insights from “Africa’s World War”. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Jabri, V. (2013). Peacebuilding, the local and the international: a colonial or a postcolonial rationality?. Peacebuilding, 1 (1), 3-16. DOI: 10.1080/21647259.2013.756253.
Kant, I., & Smith, M. C. (1975). Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Essay. G. Allen & Unwin Limited.
Kusumaningrum, D. (2017a). 20 Tahun Studi Perdamaian di HI UGM. IR UGM. https://hi.fisipol.ugm.ac.id/iis_brief/issue05-2017/
Kusumaningrum, D. (2017b). Interdependence versus Truth and Justice: Lessons from Reconciliation Processes in Maluku. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik, 20(1), 34. https://doi.org/10.22146/jsp.17998
Laffey, Nadarajah, (2012). The hybridity of liberal peace: States, diasporas and insecurity. Security Dialogue, 43 (5), 403-420. DOI: 10.1177/0967010612457974.
Lawyers without Borders Canadá et al. (2018). Impacto dos Conflictos Armados na Vida das Mulheres e Raparigas em Moçambique. Relatório da pesquisa de campo nas províncias de Nampula, Zambézia, Sofala e Gaza. ASFC and Canadian Government.
Lederach, J. Paul (1997). Building peace: sustainable reconciliation in divided societies. Washington DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.
Leonardsson, H., & Rudd, G. (2015). The ‘local turn’ in peacebuilding: a literature review of effective and emancipatory local peacebuilding. Third World Quarterly, 36(5), 825–839. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2015.1029905
Linklater, Andrew (1996). The achievements of critical theory. En Smith, Steve; Booth, Ken y Zalewski, Marysia (ed.). International theory: positivism and beyond (pp. 279-298). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Maebuta, J. (2010). Peace Research in Pacific Islands: Bridging the Gap between Theory and Practice. Journal of Peace, Conflict and Development, 16, 1–11. http://repository.usp.ac.fj/6404/1/JPCD_iss_16_art_1.pdf
Manuputty, J., Salampessy 1968-, Z., Ali-Fauzi 1965-, I., & Rafsadi, I. (Eds.). (2014). Carita orang basudara : kisah-kisah perdamaian dari Maluku / editor, Jacky Manuputty, Zairin Salampessy, Ihsan Ali-Fauzi, Irsyad Rafsadi. Lembaga Antar Iman Maluku bekerjasama dengan Pusat Studi Agama & Demokrasi, Yayasan Paramadina.
Mateos Martín, Óscar (2011). La construcción de paz posbélica. Análisis de los debates críticos a través del caso de Sierra Leona (Tesis doctoral). Universidad de Barcelona.
Mateos Martín, Óscar (2019). La ‘Paz Liberal’, el día después. Un análisis de la segunda generación de críticas a la agenda internacional de construcción de paz. En Pérez de Armiño, Karlos y Zirion Landaluze, Iker (coord.) Pax Crítica. Aportes teóricos a las perspectivas de paz posliberal (pp. 45-85). Madrid: Tecnos.
Mendia Azkue, Irantzu (2014). La división sexual del trabajo por la paz: Género y rehabilitación posbélica en El Salvador y Bosnia-Herzegovina. Madrid: Tecnos.
Morier-Genoud, Éric (2017) “Proto-Guerre et Négociations. Le Mozambique em crise, 2013-2016”, Politique africaine, 2017/1 (nº 145), pp. 153-175. DOI: 10.3917/polaf.145.0153
Naciones Unidas, Asamblea General y Consejo de Seguridad (1992). “Un programa de paz. Diplomacia preventiva, establecimiento de la paz y mantenimiento de la paz”. Informe del Secretario General presentado de conformidad con la declaración aprobada el 31 de enero de 1992 en la Reunión en la Cumbre del Consejo de Seguridad, A/47/277 y S/24111 (17 de junio de 1992), disponible en: https://undocs.org/es/A/47/277.
Naciones Unidas, Asamblea General y Consejo de Seguridad (1995). “Suplemento de ‘Un programa de paz’”. Documento de posición del Secretario General presentado con ocasión del cincuentenario de las Naciones Unidas, A/50/60 y S/1995/1 (25 de enero de 1995), disponible en: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/168325.
Naciones Unidas, Consejo de Seguridad (2001). “Que no haya salida sin una estrategia: la adopción de decisiones en el Consejo de Seguridad para la terminación o transformación de las operaciones de paz de las Naciones Unidas”. Informe del Secretario General, S/2001/394 (20 de abril de 2001), recuperado de: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/438855?ln=es (20.07.2020).
Nurdin, E. (2018, April 25). Dilatih perang oleh pengebom Bali, Amrozi, tentara anak itu terbuka matanya setelah mendengar kisah seorang ibu. BBC News Indonesia. https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-43238315
Pareanom, Yusi A; Sepriyossa, Darmawan; Kerlely, F. (1999, December). Gus Dur ke Ambon saat aparat memihak. Tempo. https://majalah.tempo.co/read/nasional/98421/gus-dur-ke-ambon-saat-aparat-memihak
Paris, Roland y Sisk, Timothy D. (2011). Gestionar contradicciones: los dilemas inherentes a la construcción posbélica del estado. Documentos para la Discusión “Postbélica”, 2, Bellaterra: ECP, Barcelona. Recuperado de: https://www.ipinst.org/images/pdfs/posts.dis.02.paris-sisk.pdf (12.09.2019)
Pérez de Armiño, Karlos (2016). La tensión entre lo global y lo local en los procesos de construcción de paz: aportes para una paz cosmopolita. En Caterina García i Segura (coord.) La tensión cosmopolita: avances y límites en la institucionalización del cosmopolitismo. Madrid: Tecnos.
Randazzo, Elisa (2016). The paradoxes of the ‘everyday’: scrutinizing the local turn in peace building. Third World Quarterly, 37 (8), 1351-1370. DOI: 10.1080/01436597.2015.1120154.
Rengger, N., y Thirkell-White, B. (2007). Still critical after all these years? The past, present and future of Critical Theory in International Relations. Review of International Studies, 33, 3-24. DOI: 10.1017/S0260210507007371.
Richmond, Oliver P. (2007). The problem of peace: understanding the ‘liberal peace’. En Swain, Ashok; Amer, Ramses y Öjendal, Joakim (ed.) Globalization and Challengues to Building Peace. Londres y Nueva York: Anthem Press.
Richmond, Oliver P. (2008). Reclaiming Peace in International Relations. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 36 (3), 439-470.
Richmond, Oliver P. y Franks, Jason (2009). Liberal Peace Transitions: Between Statebuilding and Peacebuilding. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Ruíz-Giménez Arrieta, Itziar (ed.) (2013). El sueño liberal en África Subsahariana. Debates y Controversias sobre la construcción de la paz. Madrid: Catarata.
Sabaratnam, Meera (2011). IR in Dialogue… but we can change the subjects? A typology of decolonising strategies for the study of world politics. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 39 (3), 781-803
Sabaratnam, Meera (2013). Avatars of Eurocentrism in the critique of the liberal peace. Security Dialogue, 44 (3), 259-278. DOI: 10.1177/0967010613485870.
Sabaratnam, Meera (2017). Decolonising Intervention. International Statebuilding in Mozambique. Londres y Nueva York: Rowman & Littlefield.
Somerville, J., Rousseau, J. J., Vaughn, C. E., Lentz, T. F., & Huxley, J. (1958). A Lasting Peace through the Federation of Europe; and the State of War.Towards a Science of Peace. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 18(4), 565. https://doi.org/10.2307/2104674
Tadjoeddin, M. Z. (2014). Explaining collective violence in contemporary Indonesia : from conflict to cooperation / Mohammad Zulfan Tadjoeddin. Palgrave Macmillan.
Tschirgi, Neclâ (octubre, 2004). Post-Conflict Peacebuilding Revisited: Achievements, Limitations, Challengues. Trabajo presentado en el WSP International/IPA Peacebuilding Forum Conference, Nueva York.
Veloso, Jacinto (2018). A Caminho da Paz Definitiva. O Iceberg. O Interesse Nacional e a Segurança do Estado. JV Editores: Maputo.
Ashley, Richard K., y Walker, R.B.J. (1990). Introduction: Speaking the Language of Exile: Dissident Thought in International Studies. International Studies Quarterly, 34 (3), 259-268.
Bhabha, Homi K. (1990). Introduction: narrating the nation. En Bhabha, Homi K. (Ed.) Nation and Narration (pp. 1-7). Londres
Bush, Kenneth D. (1996). Beyond Bungee Cord Humanitarianism. Canadian Journal of Development Studies / Revue Canadienne d’études du développement, 17 (4), 75-92. DOI: 10.1080/02255189.1996.9669681.
Cornago, Noé (2015). Introducción al postestructuralismo para internacionalistas. En Del Arenal, C. y Sanahuja, J.A. (coord.) Teorías de las Relaciones Internacionales (pp. 219-241). Madrid: Tecnos.
Cox, Robert W. (1981). Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 10 (2), 126-155
CRCS. (2020). Beta Mau Jumpa (I want to meet). YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pIsORJoEUgY
Cunha, Teresa (2021, January 15). Cabo Delgado: contra o desperdício das experiências. Alice News. Handle: https://alicenews.ces.uc.pt/index.php?lang=1&id=32310
Darch, Colin (2018). “Uma História de Sucesso que Correu Mal? O Conflito Moçambicano e o Processo de Paz numa Perspectiva Histórica”. FES-Mozambique. Handle: https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/mosambik/14458.pdf
Dillon, M. y Reid, J. (2009). The Liberal Way of War. Killing to make life live. Abingdon y Nueva York: Routledge
Donais, Timothy (2008). Understanding Local Ownership in Security Sector Reform. En Donais, T. (Ed.) Local Ownership and Security Sector Reform (pp. 3-18). Hamburgo: Lit Verlag.
Dusza, K. (1989). Max Weber’s Conception of the State.pdf. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, 3(1), 71–105.
Ein. (2012, December 23). LSI: Ini 5 Kasus Kekerasan Paling Mengerikan di Indonesia. Liputan 6. https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/473537/lsi-ini-5-kasus-kekerasan-paling-mengerikan-di-indonesia
Fernando, Amós (2019, August 1). Paz em Moçambique: Cinco Momentos cruciais das hostilidades militares. DW. Handle: https://www.dw.com/pt-002/paz-em-moçambique-cinco-momentos-cruciais-das-hostilidades-militares/a-49837278
Fernando, Amós; da Silva, Romeu (2019, August 6) Moçambique: Assinado o acordo de paz definitiva e reconciliação nacional. DW. Handle: https://www.dw.com/pt-002/moçambique-assinado-o-acordo-de-paz-definitiva-e-reconciliação-nacional/a-49919241
Fukuyama, Francis (2004). The Imperative of State-Building. Journal of Democracy, 15 (2), 17-31. DOI: 10.1353/jod.2004.0026
Galtung, J. (1964). An editorial. Journal of Peace Research, 1 (1), 1-4. DOI: 10.1177/002234336400100101.
Galtung, J. (1996). Peace Studies: An Epistemological Basis. En Galtung, J. (ed.) Peace by Peaceful means: Peace and Conflict, Development and Civilization (pp. 9-23). Londres: SAGE Publications.
Gischa, S. (2020, August 10). Bagaimana Portugis dan Spanyol Bertemu di Maluku? Kompas. https://www.kompas.com/skola/read/2020/08/10/152536369/bagaimana-portugis-dan-spanyol-bertemu-di-maluku?page=all.
Heathershaw, J. (2008). Unpacking the Liberal Peace: The Dividing and Merging of Peacebuilding Discourses. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 36 (3), 597-621. DOI: 10.1177/03058298080360031101.
Heathershaw, J. (2013). Towards Better theories of peacebuilding: beyond the liberal peace debate. Peacebuilding, 1 (2), 275-282. DOI: 10.1080/21647259.2013.783260.
Heryanto, A. (2005). State Terrorism and Political Identity in Indonesia: Fatally Belonging. State Terrorism and Political Identity in Indonesia: Fatally Belonging, 1–242. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203099827
Hughes, C. y Pupavac, V. (2005). Framing Post-conflict Societies: international pathologisation of Cambodia and the post-Yugoslav states. Third World Quarterly, 26 (6), 873-889. DOI: 10.1080/01436590500089232.
Íñiguez de Heredia, Marta (2017). Everyday Resistance, Peacebuilding and State-Making. Insights from “Africa’s World War”. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Jabri, V. (2013). Peacebuilding, the local and the international: a colonial or a postcolonial rationality?. Peacebuilding, 1 (1), 3-16. DOI: 10.1080/21647259.2013.756253.
Kant, I., & Smith, M. C. (1975). Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Essay. G. Allen & Unwin Limited.
Kusumaningrum, D. (2017a). 20 Tahun Studi Perdamaian di HI UGM. IR UGM. https://hi.fisipol.ugm.ac.id/iis_brief/issue05-2017/
Kusumaningrum, D. (2017b). Interdependence versus Truth and Justice: Lessons from Reconciliation Processes in Maluku. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik, 20(1), 34. https://doi.org/10.22146/jsp.17998
Laffey, Nadarajah, (2012). The hybridity of liberal peace: States, diasporas and insecurity. Security Dialogue, 43 (5), 403-420. DOI: 10.1177/0967010612457974.
Lawyers without Borders Canadá et al. (2018). Impacto dos Conflictos Armados na Vida das Mulheres e Raparigas em Moçambique. Relatório da pesquisa de campo nas províncias de Nampula, Zambézia, Sofala e Gaza. ASFC and Canadian Government.
Lederach, J. Paul (1997). Building peace: sustainable reconciliation in divided societies. Washington DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.
Leonardsson, H., & Rudd, G. (2015). The ‘local turn’ in peacebuilding: a literature review of effective and emancipatory local peacebuilding. Third World Quarterly, 36(5), 825–839. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2015.1029905
Linklater, Andrew (1996). The achievements of critical theory. En Smith, Steve; Booth, Ken y Zalewski, Marysia (ed.). International theory: positivism and beyond (pp. 279-298). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Maebuta, J. (2010). Peace Research in Pacific Islands: Bridging the Gap between Theory and Practice. Journal of Peace, Conflict and Development, 16, 1–11. http://repository.usp.ac.fj/6404/1/JPCD_iss_16_art_1.pdf
Manuputty, J., Salampessy 1968-, Z., Ali-Fauzi 1965-, I., & Rafsadi, I. (Eds.). (2014). Carita orang basudara : kisah-kisah perdamaian dari Maluku / editor, Jacky Manuputty, Zairin Salampessy, Ihsan Ali-Fauzi, Irsyad Rafsadi. Lembaga Antar Iman Maluku bekerjasama dengan Pusat Studi Agama & Demokrasi, Yayasan Paramadina.
Mateos Martín, Óscar (2011). La construcción de paz posbélica. Análisis de los debates críticos a través del caso de Sierra Leona (Tesis doctoral). Universidad de Barcelona.
Mateos Martín, Óscar (2019). La ‘Paz Liberal’, el día después. Un análisis de la segunda generación de críticas a la agenda internacional de construcción de paz. En Pérez de Armiño, Karlos y Zirion Landaluze, Iker (coord.) Pax Crítica. Aportes teóricos a las perspectivas de paz posliberal (pp. 45-85). Madrid: Tecnos.
Mendia Azkue, Irantzu (2014). La división sexual del trabajo por la paz: Género y rehabilitación posbélica en El Salvador y Bosnia-Herzegovina. Madrid: Tecnos.
Morier-Genoud, Éric (2017) “Proto-Guerre et Négociations. Le Mozambique em crise, 2013-2016”, Politique africaine, 2017/1 (nº 145), pp. 153-175. DOI: 10.3917/polaf.145.0153
Naciones Unidas, Asamblea General y Consejo de Seguridad (1992). “Un programa de paz. Diplomacia preventiva, establecimiento de la paz y mantenimiento de la paz”. Informe del Secretario General presentado de conformidad con la declaración aprobada el 31 de enero de 1992 en la Reunión en la Cumbre del Consejo de Seguridad, A/47/277 y S/24111 (17 de junio de 1992), disponible en: https://undocs.org/es/A/47/277.
Naciones Unidas, Asamblea General y Consejo de Seguridad (1995). “Suplemento de ‘Un programa de paz’”. Documento de posición del Secretario General presentado con ocasión del cincuentenario de las Naciones Unidas, A/50/60 y S/1995/1 (25 de enero de 1995), disponible en: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/168325.
Naciones Unidas, Consejo de Seguridad (2001). “Que no haya salida sin una estrategia: la adopción de decisiones en el Consejo de Seguridad para la terminación o transformación de las operaciones de paz de las Naciones Unidas”. Informe del Secretario General, S/2001/394 (20 de abril de 2001), recuperado de: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/438855?ln=es (20.07.2020).
Nurdin, E. (2018, April 25). Dilatih perang oleh pengebom Bali, Amrozi, tentara anak itu terbuka matanya setelah mendengar kisah seorang ibu. BBC News Indonesia. https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-43238315
Pareanom, Yusi A; Sepriyossa, Darmawan; Kerlely, F. (1999, December). Gus Dur ke Ambon saat aparat memihak. Tempo. https://majalah.tempo.co/read/nasional/98421/gus-dur-ke-ambon-saat-aparat-memihak
Paris, Roland y Sisk, Timothy D. (2011). Gestionar contradicciones: los dilemas inherentes a la construcción posbélica del estado. Documentos para la Discusión “Postbélica”, 2, Bellaterra: ECP, Barcelona. Recuperado de: https://www.ipinst.org/images/pdfs/posts.dis.02.paris-sisk.pdf (12.09.2019)
Pérez de Armiño, Karlos (2016). La tensión entre lo global y lo local en los procesos de construcción de paz: aportes para una paz cosmopolita. En Caterina García i Segura (coord.) La tensión cosmopolita: avances y límites en la institucionalización del cosmopolitismo. Madrid: Tecnos.
Randazzo, Elisa (2016). The paradoxes of the ‘everyday’: scrutinizing the local turn in peace building. Third World Quarterly, 37 (8), 1351-1370. DOI: 10.1080/01436597.2015.1120154.
Rengger, N., y Thirkell-White, B. (2007). Still critical after all these years? The past, present and future of Critical Theory in International Relations. Review of International Studies, 33, 3-24. DOI: 10.1017/S0260210507007371.
Richmond, Oliver P. (2007). The problem of peace: understanding the ‘liberal peace’. En Swain, Ashok; Amer, Ramses y Öjendal, Joakim (ed.) Globalization and Challengues to Building Peace. Londres y Nueva York: Anthem Press.
Richmond, Oliver P. (2008). Reclaiming Peace in International Relations. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 36 (3), 439-470.
Richmond, Oliver P. y Franks, Jason (2009). Liberal Peace Transitions: Between Statebuilding and Peacebuilding. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Ruíz-Giménez Arrieta, Itziar (ed.) (2013). El sueño liberal en África Subsahariana. Debates y Controversias sobre la construcción de la paz. Madrid: Catarata.
Sabaratnam, Meera (2011). IR in Dialogue… but we can change the subjects? A typology of decolonising strategies for the study of world politics. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 39 (3), 781-803
Sabaratnam, Meera (2013). Avatars of Eurocentrism in the critique of the liberal peace. Security Dialogue, 44 (3), 259-278. DOI: 10.1177/0967010613485870.
Sabaratnam, Meera (2017). Decolonising Intervention. International Statebuilding in Mozambique. Londres y Nueva York: Rowman & Littlefield.
Somerville, J., Rousseau, J. J., Vaughn, C. E., Lentz, T. F., & Huxley, J. (1958). A Lasting Peace through the Federation of Europe; and the State of War.Towards a Science of Peace. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 18(4), 565. https://doi.org/10.2307/2104674
Tadjoeddin, M. Z. (2014). Explaining collective violence in contemporary Indonesia : from conflict to cooperation / Mohammad Zulfan Tadjoeddin. Palgrave Macmillan.
Tschirgi, Neclâ (octubre, 2004). Post-Conflict Peacebuilding Revisited: Achievements, Limitations, Challengues. Trabajo presentado en el WSP International/IPA Peacebuilding Forum Conference, Nueva York.
Veloso, Jacinto (2018). A Caminho da Paz Definitiva. O Iceberg. O Interesse Nacional e a Segurança do Estado. JV Editores: Maputo.
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14/07/2021
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Badruzaman, I., & Vitón García, G. (2021). From peace to peace(s): the impact of the local participation in the contemporary global concept of peacebuilding. Lessons from Indonesia and Mozambique*. Sociología Y Tecnociencia, 11(2), 326–352. Retrieved from https://revistas.uva.es/index.php/sociotecno/article/view/5436
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