Counts, records and rescues: counting (and searching) practices of victims of sexual trafficking
Keywords:
counting; searching; trafficked women; (incommensurability; SpainAbstract
Trafficking, especially sexual trafficking, has received an increasing attention in the last years. Many reports have been developed in order to give an account of the phenomenon: they generate numbers and create registers to help in the search of those victims. This article focuses on the practices of counting and searching of victims of sexual trafficking in order to open a debate on the (in)conmensurability of certain social phenomenon, our “epistemological vulnerability” to, finally, propose a wider conception of “to count”. The text is based on a bibliographical and documentary revision as well as on in-depth interviews with agencies (NGOs and the police) that work with victims of sexual trafficking in Spain.
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References
Andreas, P., y Greenhill, K. M. (2010). Sex, drugs, and body counts. The politics of numbers in global crime and conflict. Ithaca y London: Cornell University Press.
Acharya, A. K. (2007). A methodological approach to study hidden populations. the case of trafficked women in Mexico City. Revista Internacional de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, SOCIOTAM, XVII(1), 9-23.
Bales, K., Hesketh, O., y Silverman, B. (2015). Modern Slavery in the UK. How many victims? Significance, 16(junio), 16-21. Disponible en: https://rss.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1740-9713.2015.00824.x
Brunovskis, A., y Surtees, R. (2010). Untold Stories: Biases and Selection Effects in Research with Victims of Trafficking for Sexual Explotation. International Migration, 48(4), 1-37.
Cuisik, L. et al. (2008). Wild guesses and conflated meanings? Estimating the size of the sex work population in Britain. Critical Social Policy, 29(4), 703-719.
Defensor del Pueblo (2012). La trata de seres humanos en España: víctimas invisibles. Madrid: Defensor del Pueblo. Disponible en: https://www.defensordelpueblo.es/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/2012-09-Trata-de-seres-humanos-en-Espa%C3%B1a-v%C3%ADctimas-invisibles-ESP.PDF
Desrosières, A. (2004). La política de los grandes números. Historia de la razón estadística. Barcelona: Melusina.
Dottridge, M. (2017). Global Trafficking Prevalence Data Distorts Efforts to Stop Patterns of Human Trafficking. Anti-trafficking Review, 8, 160-164.
Edkins, J. (2011). Missing: Persons and Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Feingold, D.A. (2010). Trafficking in Numbers. The Social Construction of Human Trafficking Data. En P. Andreas y K.M. Greenhill (Eds.). Sex, Drugs, and Body Counts. The Politics of Numbers in Global Crime and Conflict (pp. 46-74). Ithaca y Londres: Cornell University Press.
Feingold, D.A. (2017). Playing the Numbers: The Spurious Promise of Global Trafficking Statistics. Anti-trafficking Review, 8, 152-155.
Gallagher, A.T. (2017). What’s Wrong with the Global Slavery Index? Anti-trafficking Review, 8, 90-112.
García Cuesta, S., López Sala, A.M., Hernández Corrochano, E., Mena Martínez, L. (2011). Poblaciones-mercancía: tráfico y trata de mujeres en España. Madrid: Ministerio de Sanidad, Política Social e Igualdad. Disponible en: http://plataformadeinfancia.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/POBLACIONES-MERCANCIA_web2.pdf
Gatti, G. (2014). Y más allá de la identidad, la vulnerable víctima: zombis, llantos papales e inexistencia social. En I. Irazuzta y M. Martínez (Coords.). De la identidad a la vulnerabilidad. Alteridad e integración en el País Vasco contemporáneo (pp. 195-209). Barcelona: Bellaterra.
Gilson, E. (2011). Vulnerability, Ignorance, and Oppression. Hypatia, 26(2), 308-332.
Gould, A.J. (2010). From Pseudoscience to Protoscience:Estimating Human Trafficking and Modern Forms of Slavery. Interdisciplinary Conference on Human Trafficking. Lincoln: University of Nebraska. Disponible en: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1005&context=humtrafconf2&sei-redir=1&referer=http.
Heckathorn, D.D. (1997). Respondent-Driven Sampling: A New Approach to the Study of Hidden Populations. Social Problems, 44(2), 174-199.
López Precioso, M., y Mestre i Mestre, R. (2006). Trabajo sexual: reconocer derechos. Valencia: Ediciones la Burbuja.
Mena Martínez, L., y González Ramos, A.M. (2010). Cómo medir el fenómeno de la trata y el contrabando de mujeres en destino con las fuentes de datos existentes en España. En Seminario de Estudios de la Mujer (Ed.), Violencia y género (pp. 141-174). Salamanca: Ediciones Amarú.
Merry, S.E. (2016). The Seduction of Quantification. Measuring Human Rights, Gender Violence, and Sex Trafficking. Chicago: The University of Chicago.
Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad (2015). Plan integral de lucha contra la trata de mujeres y niñas con fines de explotación sexual 2015-2018. Madrid: Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad. Disponible en: http://www.violenciagenero.igualdad.mpr.gob.es/planActuacion/planContraExplotacionSexual/docs/Plan_Integral_Trata_18_Septiembre2015_2018.pdf.
Ministerio del Interior (2015). Trata de seres humanos en España. Madrid: Ministerio del Interior. Disponible en: http://www.interior.gob.es/documents/642012/5707784/Presentaci%C3%B3n+del+Ministro+Interior-+Trata+2015/169ef642-f76b-489a-aaca-be66fec5aa91.
Ministerio del Interior (2017). Trata de seres humanos en España. Balance estadístico 2013-2017. Madrid: Ministerio del Interior. Disponible en: http://www.interior.gob.es/documents/10180/6744515/Balance+2013-2017+de+Trata+de+Seres+Humanos+en+Espa%C3%B1a.pdf/1fa3bec6-4f1d-4d65-a6a8-5a6ac84c6b81.
Muhib, F. B. et al. (2001). A venue-based method for sampling hard-to-reach populations. Public Health Reports, 116, 216-222.
Naciones Unidas (2000). Protocolo para prevenir, reprimir y sancionar la tratade personas, especialmente mujeres y niños, quecomplementa la Convención de las Naciones Unidascontra la Delincuencia Organizada Transnacional. Disponible en: https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/ProfessionalInterest/ProtocolTraffickingInPersons_sp.pdf
Patterson, O. (2012). Trafficking, Gender and Slavery: Past and Present. En J. Allain (Ed.), The Legal Parameters of Slavery: From the Historical to the Contemporary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Real Academia Española (RAE). Diccionario de la lengua española. Madrid: RAE. Disponible en: https://www.rae.es/
Rancière, J., (2002). La división de lo sensible: estética y política. Salamanca: Centro de Arte de Salamanca.
Salganik, M. J., y Heckathorn, D. D. (2004). Sampling and estimation in hidden populations using respondent-driven sampling. Sociological Methodology, 34, 193-239.
Scullion, D. (2015). Assessing the Extent of Human Trafficking: Inherent Difficulties and Gradual Progress. Social Inclusion, 3(1), 22-34.
Silverman, B. (2014). Modern Slavery: an application of Multiple Systems Estimation. FRS FAcSS. Disponible en: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/modern-slavery-an-application-of-multiple-systems-estimation.
Spreen, M. (1992). Rare populations, hidden populations, and link-tracing designs: what and why. BMS: Bulletin of Sociological Methodology / Bulletin de Méthodologie Sociologique, 36, 34-58.
Tuana, N. (2006). The speculum of ignorance: the women’s health movement and epistemologies of ignorance. Hypatia, 21(3), 1-19.
Tyldym, G., y Brunovski, A. (2005). Describing the unobserved: methodological challenges in empirical studies on human trafficking. International Migration, 43(1/2), 17-34.
UNODC (2018). Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2018. New York: ONU. Disponible en: https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/glotip/2018/GLOTiP_2018_BOOK_web_small.pdf.
USA, Department of State (2019). Trafficking in Persons Report, June 2019. Washington D.C.: USA. Disponible en: https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/2019-Trafficking-in-Persons-Report.pdf
Walby, S., et al. (2016). Study on gender dimension of trafficking in human beings. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
Weitzer, R. (2005). The Growing Moral Panic over Prostitution and Sex Trafficking. The Criminologist, 30(5), 2-5.
Weitzer, R. (2007). The Social Construction of Sex Trafficking: Ideology and Institutionalization of a Moral Crusade. Politics & Society, 35(3), 447-475.
Weitzer, R. (2014). Miscounting human trafficking and slavery. Open Democracy, https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/beyond-trafficking-and-slavery/miscounting-human-trafficking-and-slavery/.
Yea, S. (2017). The Politics of Evidence, Data and Research in Anti-Trafficking Work. Anti-trafficking Review, 8, 1-13.
Acharya, A. K. (2007). A methodological approach to study hidden populations. the case of trafficked women in Mexico City. Revista Internacional de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, SOCIOTAM, XVII(1), 9-23.
Bales, K., Hesketh, O., y Silverman, B. (2015). Modern Slavery in the UK. How many victims? Significance, 16(junio), 16-21. Disponible en: https://rss.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1740-9713.2015.00824.x
Brunovskis, A., y Surtees, R. (2010). Untold Stories: Biases and Selection Effects in Research with Victims of Trafficking for Sexual Explotation. International Migration, 48(4), 1-37.
Cuisik, L. et al. (2008). Wild guesses and conflated meanings? Estimating the size of the sex work population in Britain. Critical Social Policy, 29(4), 703-719.
Defensor del Pueblo (2012). La trata de seres humanos en España: víctimas invisibles. Madrid: Defensor del Pueblo. Disponible en: https://www.defensordelpueblo.es/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/2012-09-Trata-de-seres-humanos-en-Espa%C3%B1a-v%C3%ADctimas-invisibles-ESP.PDF
Desrosières, A. (2004). La política de los grandes números. Historia de la razón estadística. Barcelona: Melusina.
Dottridge, M. (2017). Global Trafficking Prevalence Data Distorts Efforts to Stop Patterns of Human Trafficking. Anti-trafficking Review, 8, 160-164.
Edkins, J. (2011). Missing: Persons and Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Feingold, D.A. (2010). Trafficking in Numbers. The Social Construction of Human Trafficking Data. En P. Andreas y K.M. Greenhill (Eds.). Sex, Drugs, and Body Counts. The Politics of Numbers in Global Crime and Conflict (pp. 46-74). Ithaca y Londres: Cornell University Press.
Feingold, D.A. (2017). Playing the Numbers: The Spurious Promise of Global Trafficking Statistics. Anti-trafficking Review, 8, 152-155.
Gallagher, A.T. (2017). What’s Wrong with the Global Slavery Index? Anti-trafficking Review, 8, 90-112.
García Cuesta, S., López Sala, A.M., Hernández Corrochano, E., Mena Martínez, L. (2011). Poblaciones-mercancía: tráfico y trata de mujeres en España. Madrid: Ministerio de Sanidad, Política Social e Igualdad. Disponible en: http://plataformadeinfancia.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/POBLACIONES-MERCANCIA_web2.pdf
Gatti, G. (2014). Y más allá de la identidad, la vulnerable víctima: zombis, llantos papales e inexistencia social. En I. Irazuzta y M. Martínez (Coords.). De la identidad a la vulnerabilidad. Alteridad e integración en el País Vasco contemporáneo (pp. 195-209). Barcelona: Bellaterra.
Gilson, E. (2011). Vulnerability, Ignorance, and Oppression. Hypatia, 26(2), 308-332.
Gould, A.J. (2010). From Pseudoscience to Protoscience:Estimating Human Trafficking and Modern Forms of Slavery. Interdisciplinary Conference on Human Trafficking. Lincoln: University of Nebraska. Disponible en: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1005&context=humtrafconf2&sei-redir=1&referer=http.
Heckathorn, D.D. (1997). Respondent-Driven Sampling: A New Approach to the Study of Hidden Populations. Social Problems, 44(2), 174-199.
López Precioso, M., y Mestre i Mestre, R. (2006). Trabajo sexual: reconocer derechos. Valencia: Ediciones la Burbuja.
Mena Martínez, L., y González Ramos, A.M. (2010). Cómo medir el fenómeno de la trata y el contrabando de mujeres en destino con las fuentes de datos existentes en España. En Seminario de Estudios de la Mujer (Ed.), Violencia y género (pp. 141-174). Salamanca: Ediciones Amarú.
Merry, S.E. (2016). The Seduction of Quantification. Measuring Human Rights, Gender Violence, and Sex Trafficking. Chicago: The University of Chicago.
Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad (2015). Plan integral de lucha contra la trata de mujeres y niñas con fines de explotación sexual 2015-2018. Madrid: Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad. Disponible en: http://www.violenciagenero.igualdad.mpr.gob.es/planActuacion/planContraExplotacionSexual/docs/Plan_Integral_Trata_18_Septiembre2015_2018.pdf.
Ministerio del Interior (2015). Trata de seres humanos en España. Madrid: Ministerio del Interior. Disponible en: http://www.interior.gob.es/documents/642012/5707784/Presentaci%C3%B3n+del+Ministro+Interior-+Trata+2015/169ef642-f76b-489a-aaca-be66fec5aa91.
Ministerio del Interior (2017). Trata de seres humanos en España. Balance estadístico 2013-2017. Madrid: Ministerio del Interior. Disponible en: http://www.interior.gob.es/documents/10180/6744515/Balance+2013-2017+de+Trata+de+Seres+Humanos+en+Espa%C3%B1a.pdf/1fa3bec6-4f1d-4d65-a6a8-5a6ac84c6b81.
Muhib, F. B. et al. (2001). A venue-based method for sampling hard-to-reach populations. Public Health Reports, 116, 216-222.
Naciones Unidas (2000). Protocolo para prevenir, reprimir y sancionar la tratade personas, especialmente mujeres y niños, quecomplementa la Convención de las Naciones Unidascontra la Delincuencia Organizada Transnacional. Disponible en: https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/ProfessionalInterest/ProtocolTraffickingInPersons_sp.pdf
Patterson, O. (2012). Trafficking, Gender and Slavery: Past and Present. En J. Allain (Ed.), The Legal Parameters of Slavery: From the Historical to the Contemporary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Real Academia Española (RAE). Diccionario de la lengua española. Madrid: RAE. Disponible en: https://www.rae.es/
Rancière, J., (2002). La división de lo sensible: estética y política. Salamanca: Centro de Arte de Salamanca.
Salganik, M. J., y Heckathorn, D. D. (2004). Sampling and estimation in hidden populations using respondent-driven sampling. Sociological Methodology, 34, 193-239.
Scullion, D. (2015). Assessing the Extent of Human Trafficking: Inherent Difficulties and Gradual Progress. Social Inclusion, 3(1), 22-34.
Silverman, B. (2014). Modern Slavery: an application of Multiple Systems Estimation. FRS FAcSS. Disponible en: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/modern-slavery-an-application-of-multiple-systems-estimation.
Spreen, M. (1992). Rare populations, hidden populations, and link-tracing designs: what and why. BMS: Bulletin of Sociological Methodology / Bulletin de Méthodologie Sociologique, 36, 34-58.
Tuana, N. (2006). The speculum of ignorance: the women’s health movement and epistemologies of ignorance. Hypatia, 21(3), 1-19.
Tyldym, G., y Brunovski, A. (2005). Describing the unobserved: methodological challenges in empirical studies on human trafficking. International Migration, 43(1/2), 17-34.
UNODC (2018). Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2018. New York: ONU. Disponible en: https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/glotip/2018/GLOTiP_2018_BOOK_web_small.pdf.
USA, Department of State (2019). Trafficking in Persons Report, June 2019. Washington D.C.: USA. Disponible en: https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/2019-Trafficking-in-Persons-Report.pdf
Walby, S., et al. (2016). Study on gender dimension of trafficking in human beings. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
Weitzer, R. (2005). The Growing Moral Panic over Prostitution and Sex Trafficking. The Criminologist, 30(5), 2-5.
Weitzer, R. (2007). The Social Construction of Sex Trafficking: Ideology and Institutionalization of a Moral Crusade. Politics & Society, 35(3), 447-475.
Weitzer, R. (2014). Miscounting human trafficking and slavery. Open Democracy, https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/beyond-trafficking-and-slavery/miscounting-human-trafficking-and-slavery/.
Yea, S. (2017). The Politics of Evidence, Data and Research in Anti-Trafficking Work. Anti-trafficking Review, 8, 1-13.
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Published
30/01/2020
How to Cite
Martínez, M. (2020). Counts, records and rescues: counting (and searching) practices of victims of sexual trafficking. Sociología Y Tecnociencia, 10(1), 25–45. Retrieved from https://revistas.uva.es/index.php/sociotecno/article/view/4219
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Monographic
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