Mary Hays’s Biography of María de Estrada, a Spanish Woman in the American Conquest
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24197/ersjes.38.2017.11-25Keywords:
american conquest, María de Estrada, Mary Hays, female biography, raceAbstract
This article focuses on Mary Hays’s entry of María de Estrada in her Female Biography (1803), and how this English writer dealt with issues of gender, race, religion and nation by means of the mere inclusion of Estrada in this collection of women’s biographies. It studies the life of María de Estrada as inscribed in the fruitful transatlantic dialogue between the Iberian metropolis and the American continent at the beginning of the sixteenth century. In the analysis of her ordeal, issues of colonization are intermingled with those of ethnic persecution. De Estrada is believed to have been a Jew suffering difficulties in the Spanish city of Toledo; she had later an additional plight as a foundling girl living with the Gypsies in order to blur her origin, and thus escape ethnic cleansing. Subsequently, her role as an expatriate woman, who would leave her country of origin on board of a ship in the Hernán Cortés Expedition, is also analyzed.
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References
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Cervantes de Salazar, Francisco. Crónica de la Nueva España II. 1560. Ed. Manuel Magallón. Madrid: Atlas, 1971.
Clayton, Ellen Cleathorne [afterward Needham]. Female Warriors: Memorials of Female Valour and Heroism from the Mythological Ages to the Present Era. London: Tinsley Brothers, 1879.
Croix, Jean François de la. Dictionnaire historique portratif des femmes célèbres. 2 vols. Paris: Chez L. Cellot, 1769. Vol. 2.
Díaz del Castillo, Bernal. Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España, c. 1568‒75. Madrid: Fundación José Antonio de Castro, 2012.
Drucker, Johanna. “Humanities Approaches to Graphic Display.” Digital Humanities Quarterly 5.1 (2011). 20/08/2014. URL: http://www.digitalhumanities.org/dhq/vol/5/1/000091/000091.html
Durán, Gloria. María de Estrada. Gypsy Conquistadora. Pittsburgh: Latin American Literary Review Press, 1999.
Duvenard Chauveau, Juan. María de Estrada. La heroína de la conquista. Cuernavaca, México: [s. n.], 1989.
Feijóo y Montenegro, Fray Benito Jerónimo. “Defensa de las mujeres.” Teatro crítico universal. Madrid: Joaquín Ibarra, 1726. I. 16.
Feijóo y Montenegro, Fray Benito Jerónimo. An Essay on Woman, Or, Physiological and Historical Defence of the Fair Sex. Translated from the Spanish of El Theatro Crítico. London: W. Bingley, 1768.
Feijóo y Montenegro, Fray Benito Jerónimo. Cartas eruditas y curiosas (1742‒1760). Vol. 3 (1750). Vol. 2. Madrid: Imprenta Real de la Gazeta, Real Compañía de Impresores y Libreros, 1774. 27/08/2012. URL: http://www.filosofia.org/bjf/bjfc300.htm
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Gómez-Lucena, Eloísa. Españolas del nuevo mundo: ensayos y biografías, siglos XVI-XVII. Madrid: Cátedra, 2013.
Hale, Sarah Josepha. Woman’s Record; or Sketches of all Distinguished Women from “the Beginning” till A.D. 1850. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1853.
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Hays, Mary. Female Biography; or, Memoirs of Illustrious and Celebrated Women of All Ages and Countries, Alphabetically Arranged. 1803. Ed. Gina Luria. 6 vols. London: Pickering & Chatto, 2013.
Hays, Mary. Letters and Essays, Moral and Miscellaneous. London: T. Knot, 1793.
Hays, Mary. Memoirs of Emma Courtney. 1796. Ed. Marilyn L. Brooks. Ontario: Broadview, 2000.
Hays, Mary. The Victim of Prejudice. 1799. Ed. Eleanor Ty. Ontario: Broadview, 1994.
Himmerich y Valencia, Robert. The Encomenderos of Nueva España, 1521‒1555. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996.
Icaza, Francisco A. Diccionario autobiográfico de conquistadores y pobladores de Nueva España sacado de los textos originales. 1923. Guadalajara, Mexico: Edmundo Aviña Levy, 1969.
Leroy, Béatrice. L’Espagne des Torquemada. Paris: Éditions Maisonneuve et Larose, 1995. Span. Trans. Ricardo Mateos. La España de los Torquemada. Barcelona: Thassàlia, 1996.
Lorenzo-Modia, María Jesús. “María de Estrada.” In Mary Hays, Female Biography. Vol. 4 (2014): 325, 566‒567.
Luria, Gina. “‘Sewing in the Next World’: Mary Hays as Dissenting Autodidact in the 1780s.” Romanticism on the Net 25 (2002): 1‒23.
Luria, Gina. “General Introduction.” In Mary Hays, Female Biography. Vol. I. xi‒xxx.
Luria, Gina. Mary Hays (1759‒1843): The Growth of a Woman’s Mind. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006.
Maura, Juan Francisco. Españolas de ultramar en la historia y en la literatura. Valencia: Universidad de Valencia, 2005.
McInnes, Andrew. “Feminism in the Footnotes: Wollstonecraft’s Ghost in Mary Hays’s Female Biography.” Life Writing 8.3 (2011): 273‒285.
Memorial dirigido por los Obispos de Nueva España a Carlos V. 1537. Madrid. Biblioteca Nacional de España. MSS/19697/14.
Muñoz Camargo, Diego. Historia de Tlaxcala (1576‒1591) México: Ed. Alfredo Clavero, 1892. Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes, 2007. 02/08/2012. URL: http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/historia-de-tlaxcala--0/html/1b8b1fa4-b981-4eff-8e8e-29bba72dbdc8_41.html
Perry, Mary Elizabeth. Crime and Society in Early Modern Seville. Hanover, New Hampshire: University Press of New England, 1980.
Pumar Martínez, Carmen. Españolas en Indias: Mujeres-soldado, adelantadas y gobernadoras. Madrid: Anaya, 1988.
Spongberg, Mary. “Mary Hays and Mary Wollstonecraft and the Evolution of Dissenting Feminism.” Intellectual Exchanges: Women and Rational Dissent. Eds. Gina Luria & G. M. Ditchfield. Special Issue. Enlightenment and Dissent 26 (2010): 230‒258.
Torquemada, Fray Juan de. De los veinte y un libros rituales y monarquía indiana, con el origen y guerras de los indios occidentales, de sus poblazones, descubrimiento, conquista, conversión y otras cosas maravillosas de la mesma tierra. Sevilla: Matías Clavijo, 1615; Madrid: Nicolás Rodríguez, 1723. 2nd printing.
Wallace, Miriam L. “Writing Lives and Gendering History in Mary Hays’s Female Biography (1803).” Romantic Autobiography in England. Ed. Eugene Steilzig. Farnham: Ashgate, 2009: 63‒78.
Watts, Ruth. “Introduction: Rational Dissenting Women and the Travel of Ideas.” Intellectual Exchanges: Women and Rational Dissent. Eds. Gina Luria and G. M. Ditchfield. Special Issue. Enlightenment and Dissent 26 (2010): 1‒27.
Whelan, Timothy. “Mary Steele, Mary Hays and the Convergence of Women’s Literary Circles in the 1790’s.” Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies 38.4 (2015): 511‒524.
Wollstonecraft, Mary. A Vindication of the Rights of Men, in a Letter to the Right Honourable Edmund Burke. London: Joseph Johnson, 1790.
Wollstonecraft, Mary. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, With Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects. London: Joseph Johnson, 1792.
Wollstonecraft, Mary. Mary and The Wrongs of Woman. Ed. Gary Kelly. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Wollstonecraft, Mary. Mary, A Fiction. London: Joseph Johnson, 1788.
Zerón Zapata, M. “Crónica de la Puebla de los Ángeles.” c. 1650. La Puebla de los Ángeles en el siglo XVII. México, D.F.: Patria, 1945: 20‒21.
Anon. “María de Estrada. Miriam Pérez.” Artehistoria. La página del arte y la cultura en español. Vol. 12. 10/10/2016. URL: artehistoria.com/v12/personajes/10584.htm.
Anon. “Maria Myriam de Estrada.” Geni. 03/08/2012. URL: geni.com/people/Maria-de-Estrada/6000000009357827451.
Benito Ruano, Eloy. Toledo en el siglo XV: Vida política. Madrid: CSIC, 1961.
Booth, Alison, et al., eds. Collective Biographies of Women: An Annotated Bibliography. Charlottesville: University of Virginia, 2004. 20/11/2016. URL: http://womensbios.lib.virginia.edu/
Boyd-Bowman, Peter. Índice geográfico de más de 56 mil pobladores de la América Hispánica. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1985.
Campuzano, Luisa. “Blancas y “blancos” en la conquista de Cuba.” Las muchachas de La Habana no tienen temor de Dios: Escritoras cubanas (s. XVIII-XXI). Havana: Ediciones Unión, 2004. 171‒199.
Cervantes de Salazar, Francisco. Crónica de la Nueva España II. 1560. Ed. Manuel Magallón. Madrid: Atlas, 1971.
Clayton, Ellen Cleathorne [afterward Needham]. Female Warriors: Memorials of Female Valour and Heroism from the Mythological Ages to the Present Era. London: Tinsley Brothers, 1879.
Croix, Jean François de la. Dictionnaire historique portratif des femmes célèbres. 2 vols. Paris: Chez L. Cellot, 1769. Vol. 2.
Díaz del Castillo, Bernal. Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España, c. 1568‒75. Madrid: Fundación José Antonio de Castro, 2012.
Drucker, Johanna. “Humanities Approaches to Graphic Display.” Digital Humanities Quarterly 5.1 (2011). 20/08/2014. URL: http://www.digitalhumanities.org/dhq/vol/5/1/000091/000091.html
Durán, Gloria. María de Estrada. Gypsy Conquistadora. Pittsburgh: Latin American Literary Review Press, 1999.
Duvenard Chauveau, Juan. María de Estrada. La heroína de la conquista. Cuernavaca, México: [s. n.], 1989.
Feijóo y Montenegro, Fray Benito Jerónimo. “Defensa de las mujeres.” Teatro crítico universal. Madrid: Joaquín Ibarra, 1726. I. 16.
Feijóo y Montenegro, Fray Benito Jerónimo. An Essay on Woman, Or, Physiological and Historical Defence of the Fair Sex. Translated from the Spanish of El Theatro Crítico. London: W. Bingley, 1768.
Feijóo y Montenegro, Fray Benito Jerónimo. Cartas eruditas y curiosas (1742‒1760). Vol. 3 (1750). Vol. 2. Madrid: Imprenta Real de la Gazeta, Real Compañía de Impresores y Libreros, 1774. 27/08/2012. URL: http://www.filosofia.org/bjf/bjfc300.htm
Feijóo y Montenegro, Fray Benito Jerónimo. Théâtre critique. Trans. Nicolas-Gabriel Vaquette d’Hermilly. 2 vols., Paris: Pierre Clément, 1742‒45; 1 vol., Paris: Prault Père, 1746.
Feijóo y Montenegro, Fray Benito Jerónimo. Three Essays or Discourses on the Following Subjects: A Defence or Vindication of the Women, Church Music, A Comparison between Antient and Modern Music. Trans. Mr Mitford. London: T. Becket, 1778.
García-Quismondo, Judith. “María de Estrada: de la historia a la ficción.” Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos 781‒782 (2015): 38‒51.
Gómez-Lucena, Eloísa. Españolas del nuevo mundo: ensayos y biografías, siglos XVI-XVII. Madrid: Cátedra, 2013.
Hale, Sarah Josepha. Woman’s Record; or Sketches of all Distinguished Women from “the Beginning” till A.D. 1850. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1853.
Hays, Mary. Appeal to the Men of Great Britain in Behalf of Women. 1798. Ed. Gina Luria. The Feminist Controversy in England, 1788‒1810. New York and London: Garland, 1974.
Hays, Mary. Female Biography; or, Memoirs of Illustrious and Celebrated Women of All Ages and Countries, Alphabetically Arranged. 1803. Ed. Gina Luria. 6 vols. London: Pickering & Chatto, 2013.
Hays, Mary. Letters and Essays, Moral and Miscellaneous. London: T. Knot, 1793.
Hays, Mary. Memoirs of Emma Courtney. 1796. Ed. Marilyn L. Brooks. Ontario: Broadview, 2000.
Hays, Mary. The Victim of Prejudice. 1799. Ed. Eleanor Ty. Ontario: Broadview, 1994.
Himmerich y Valencia, Robert. The Encomenderos of Nueva España, 1521‒1555. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996.
Icaza, Francisco A. Diccionario autobiográfico de conquistadores y pobladores de Nueva España sacado de los textos originales. 1923. Guadalajara, Mexico: Edmundo Aviña Levy, 1969.
Leroy, Béatrice. L’Espagne des Torquemada. Paris: Éditions Maisonneuve et Larose, 1995. Span. Trans. Ricardo Mateos. La España de los Torquemada. Barcelona: Thassàlia, 1996.
Lorenzo-Modia, María Jesús. “María de Estrada.” In Mary Hays, Female Biography. Vol. 4 (2014): 325, 566‒567.
Luria, Gina. “‘Sewing in the Next World’: Mary Hays as Dissenting Autodidact in the 1780s.” Romanticism on the Net 25 (2002): 1‒23.
Luria, Gina. “General Introduction.” In Mary Hays, Female Biography. Vol. I. xi‒xxx.
Luria, Gina. Mary Hays (1759‒1843): The Growth of a Woman’s Mind. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006.
Maura, Juan Francisco. Españolas de ultramar en la historia y en la literatura. Valencia: Universidad de Valencia, 2005.
McInnes, Andrew. “Feminism in the Footnotes: Wollstonecraft’s Ghost in Mary Hays’s Female Biography.” Life Writing 8.3 (2011): 273‒285.
Memorial dirigido por los Obispos de Nueva España a Carlos V. 1537. Madrid. Biblioteca Nacional de España. MSS/19697/14.
Muñoz Camargo, Diego. Historia de Tlaxcala (1576‒1591) México: Ed. Alfredo Clavero, 1892. Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes, 2007. 02/08/2012. URL: http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/historia-de-tlaxcala--0/html/1b8b1fa4-b981-4eff-8e8e-29bba72dbdc8_41.html
Perry, Mary Elizabeth. Crime and Society in Early Modern Seville. Hanover, New Hampshire: University Press of New England, 1980.
Pumar Martínez, Carmen. Españolas en Indias: Mujeres-soldado, adelantadas y gobernadoras. Madrid: Anaya, 1988.
Spongberg, Mary. “Mary Hays and Mary Wollstonecraft and the Evolution of Dissenting Feminism.” Intellectual Exchanges: Women and Rational Dissent. Eds. Gina Luria & G. M. Ditchfield. Special Issue. Enlightenment and Dissent 26 (2010): 230‒258.
Torquemada, Fray Juan de. De los veinte y un libros rituales y monarquía indiana, con el origen y guerras de los indios occidentales, de sus poblazones, descubrimiento, conquista, conversión y otras cosas maravillosas de la mesma tierra. Sevilla: Matías Clavijo, 1615; Madrid: Nicolás Rodríguez, 1723. 2nd printing.
Wallace, Miriam L. “Writing Lives and Gendering History in Mary Hays’s Female Biography (1803).” Romantic Autobiography in England. Ed. Eugene Steilzig. Farnham: Ashgate, 2009: 63‒78.
Watts, Ruth. “Introduction: Rational Dissenting Women and the Travel of Ideas.” Intellectual Exchanges: Women and Rational Dissent. Eds. Gina Luria and G. M. Ditchfield. Special Issue. Enlightenment and Dissent 26 (2010): 1‒27.
Whelan, Timothy. “Mary Steele, Mary Hays and the Convergence of Women’s Literary Circles in the 1790’s.” Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies 38.4 (2015): 511‒524.
Wollstonecraft, Mary. A Vindication of the Rights of Men, in a Letter to the Right Honourable Edmund Burke. London: Joseph Johnson, 1790.
Wollstonecraft, Mary. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, With Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects. London: Joseph Johnson, 1792.
Wollstonecraft, Mary. Mary and The Wrongs of Woman. Ed. Gary Kelly. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Wollstonecraft, Mary. Mary, A Fiction. London: Joseph Johnson, 1788.
Zerón Zapata, M. “Crónica de la Puebla de los Ángeles.” c. 1650. La Puebla de los Ángeles en el siglo XVII. México, D.F.: Patria, 1945: 20‒21.
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Published
18/12/2017
How to Cite
Lorenzo-Modia, M. J. “Mary Hays’s Biography of María De Estrada, a Spanish Woman in the American Conquest”. ES Review. Spanish Journal of English Studies, no. 38, Dec. 2017, pp. 11-25, doi:10.24197/ersjes.38.2017.11-25.
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