An Analysis of Animal Metaphors in Episodes of Gender Violence Reported in Spanish and Canadian Newspapers

Authors

  • Irene López University of Ottawa (Canada)

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24197/ersjes.44.2023.81-110

Keywords:

gender violence, abused woman, male perpetrator, animal metaphors, Spanish and Canadian newspapers

Abstract

This article explores animal metaphors in episodes of gender-based violence reported in Spanish and Canadian newspapers. It analyzes the most common zoomorphic representations of female victims in real cases of gender-based violence documented in the news in Spain and Canada from 2006 to 2022. The research shows how the bestial iconography articulates discourses of gender-based violence and how the male perpetrator sees the abused woman through an animal lens to dehumanize, sexualize, exert, and even justify his violent actions.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Aragón, María. “Gritos de cerda y amenazas a una mujer en Murcia por ir con pantalones cortos.” El periódico, 7 August 2018, www.elperiodico.com/es/extra/20180807/machismo-insultos-amenazas-mujer-murcia-pantalones-cortos-6979181/.

Arcimaviciene, Liudmila. “The Complex Metaphor of Political Animals in Media Political Discourse: A Cross-Linguistic Perspective.” Studies about Languages, no. 19, 2011, pp. 239–337, doi:10.5755/j01.sal.0.19.951.

Bennett, Dean. “Ex Alberta MLA Kerry Towle Says She Was Harassed During Time in Politics.” The Globe and Mail, 28 November 2016, p. 2, www.theglobeandmail.com/news/alberta/ex-alberta-mla-kerry- towle-says-she-was-harassed-during-time-in-politics/article 33078877/.

Bigné, Nuria. “Una mujer de Burriana acusa a su expareja de palizas y amenazas.” El Periódico Mediterráneo, 12 June 2019, www.elperiodicomediterraneo.com/sucesos/2019/06/12/mujer-burriana-acusa-expareja-palizas-41074237.html/.

Bock, Jarrod, and Melissa Burkley. “On the Prowl: Examining the Impact of Men-as-Predator and Women-as-Prey on Attitudes that Perpetuate Sexual Violence.” Sex Roles, vol. 80, no. 5, 2019, pp. 262–76, doi:10.1007/s11199-018-0929-1.

Butts, Edward. “Robert Pickton Case.” The Canadian Encyclopedia, 2020, p. 187.

Cameron, Stevie. On the Farm: Robert William Pickton and the Tragic Story of Vancouver’s Missing Women. Random House Digital, 2011.

Cameron, Stevie. The Pickton File. Random House Digital, 2007. Casique, Leticia, and Antonia Ferreira. “Violence Against Women: Theoretical Reflections.” Revista Latino-am Enfermagem, vol. 14, no. 6, 2006, pp. 950–56, doi:10.1590/S0104-11692006000600018.

Cedeira, Brais. “El Beso del ‘Ángel’ de La Manada”. El Español, 10 Dec. 2017, p. 39.

Charteris-Black, John. Corpus Approaches to Critical Metaphor Analysis. Macmillan, 2004.

Cheap, Charles. “Violence.” Ottawa Citizen, 29 April 2022, p. 12. Cikara, Mina, et al. “From Agents to Objects: Sexist Attitudes and Neural Responses to Sexualized Targets.” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, vol. 23, no. 3, 2015, pp. 540–51, doi:10.1162/jocn.2010.21497.

Collinson, Dawn. “Woman Mortified at Being Mooed at Like a Cow.” The Globe and Mail, 18 December 2021, p. 4.

“Condenado a trabajos comunitarios por insultar a su expareja en Facebook.” El Mundo, 1 November 2017, www.elmundo.es/comunidad-valenciana/alicante/2017/11/01/ 59f9bacc468aeb074b8b4620.html/.

“Condenado por dirigirse a su pareja como ‘perra’ o ‘payasa’.” Faro de Vigo, 27 June 2018, www.farodevigo.es/sucesos/2018/06/27/ condenado-dirigirse-pareja-perra-o-15963795.html/.

Deignan, Alice. “Metaphorical Expressions and Culture: An Indirect Link.” Metaphor and Symbol, vol. 18, no. 4, 2003, pp. 255–71, doi:10.1207/S15327868MS1804_3.

“Dumb Bitches.” National Post, 24 January 2017, p. 5, www.nationalpost.com/news/canada/dumb-bitches-head-of-windsor- minor-hockey-under-fire-for-comment-about-canadian-women-marchers/.

Eble, Connie. Slang and Sociability: In-group Language among College Students. Berkeley UP, 1996.

Fairclough, Norman. Analysing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research. Routledge, 2003.

Fernández Fontecha, Almudena, and Rosa María Jiménez Catalán. “Semantic Derogation in Animal Metaphor: A Contrastive-Cognitive Analysis of Two Male/Female Examples in English and Spanish.” Journal of Pragmatics, vol. 35, no. 5, 2003, pp. 771–97, doi:10.1016/S0378-2166(02)00127-3.

Gabilondo, Pablo. “Búsqueda y captura contra el presunto líder de la red de prostitución de menores 18 Lovas.” El Confidencial, 21 December 2021, www.elconfidencial.com/espana/2021-12-21/busqueda- captura-18lovas-prostitucion-menores_3345317/.

Glick, Peter, and Susan Fiske. “The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Differentiating Hostile and Benevolent Sexism.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 70, no. 3, 1996, pp. 491–512, doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.491.

Goatly, Andrew. “Humans, Animals, and Metaphors.” Society & Animals, vol. 14, no.1, 2006, pp. 15–37, doi:10.1163/156853006776137131.

Goff, Phillip Atiba, et al. “The Essence of Innocence: Consequences of Dehumanizing Black Children.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 106, no. 4, 2014, pp. 526–45, doi:10.1037/a0035663.

Guillamón, Josechu. “Noy voy a molestarla más.” La Tribuna de Albacete, 21 October 2022, www.latribunadealbacete.es/noticia/z156a1bdf- 92f1-7e23-588e704a0abab9f0/201411/no-voy-a-molestarla-mas/.

Gutmann, Matthew. “The Animal Inside. Men and Violence.” Current Anthropology, vol. 62, no. 23, 2021, pp. 182–92, doi:10.1086/711706.

Hardy, Kristen. “Cows, Pigs, Whales: Nonhuman Animals, Anti-Fat Bias, and Exceptionalist Logics.” The Politics of Size: Perspectives from the Fat Acceptance Movement, edited by Ragen Chastain, ABC-CLIO, 2014, pp. 4–39.

Haslam, Noughlan, et al. “Beastly: What Makes Animal Metaphors Offensive?” Journal of Language and Social Psychology, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 311–25, doi:10.1177/0261927X11407168.

“Hedley´s Jacob Hoggard a Risk to the Public.” Toronto Star, 4 October 2022, p. 3.

Hughes, Geoffrey. Swearing: A Social History of Foul Language, Oaths and Profanity in English. Blackwell, 1991.

“Insultos en la política.” El Plural, 18 August, 2018, p. 11. “Insults.” The Globe and Mail, 7 February 2021, p. 19.

Kang, Mee-Eun. “The Portrayal of Women’s Images in Magazine Advertisements: Goffman’s Gender Analysis Revisited.” Sex Roles, vol. 37, 1997, pp. 979–96, doi:10.1007/BF02936350.

Kassam, Ashifa. “Babes, Bitches, and Dogs. Harassment of Female Politicians Crosses Party Lines.” Herizons, 1 Jan. 2018, www.thefreelibrary.com/Herizons/2018/January/1-p54883/.

Kinsella, Warren. “What Makes Sexism Worse? Indifference.” Toronto Sun, 12 August 2013, p. 4, www.torontosun.com/2013/08/12/what- makes-sexism-worse-indifference/wcm/ed7ac029-a6e6-4f52-a0fd- 1201d2cce72b/.

Kleinman, Sherryl, et al. “Reclaiming Critical Analysis: The Social Harms of ‘Bitch’.” Sociological Analysis, vol. 3, no. 1, 2009, pp. 47–68.

Koller, Veronica. Metaphor and Gender in Business Media Discourse. MacMillan, 2004.

Kövecses, Zoltán. Language, Mind, and Culture. A Practical Introduction. Oxford UP, 2006.

Kövecses, Zoltán. Metaphor: A Practical Introduction. Oxford UP, 2002.

“La respuesta de Rita Maestre a quienes la llaman zorra.” El comercio, 31 May 2022, www.elcomercio.es/sociedad/rita-maestre-insultos-zorra- tetas-respuesta-almeida-20220531194152-nt.html/.

Lakoff, George. “Metaphor and War: The Metaphor System Used to Justify War in the Gulf.” Peace Research, vol. 23, no. 2/3, 1991, pp. 25–32, www.jstor.org/stable/23609916/.

Lakoff, George, and Mark Johnson. “The Metaphorical Logic of Rape.” Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 73–79, 1987, doi:10.1207/s15327868ms0201_5.

Lakoff, George, and Mark Johnson. Metaphors We Live by. Chicago UP, 1980.

Lakoff, George, and Mark Turner. More than Cool Reason: A Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor. Chicago UP, 1989.

Lévi-Strauss, Claude. The Savage Mind. Chicago UP, 1968.

López Maestre, María. “Gender, Ideology and Conceptual Metaphors: Women and the Source Domain of the Hunt.” Complutense Journal of English Studies, vol. 28, 2020, pp. 203–18, doi:10.5209/cjes.68355.

López-Rodríguez, Irene. “From the Bible to Cosmopolitan: The Socialization of Women through the WOMAN AS CHICKEN Metaphor.” Revista de Letras UTAD, vol. 6, no. 2, 2007, pp. 129–51.

López-Rodríguez, Irene. “The Representation of Women in Teenage and Women’s Magazines: Recurring Metaphors in English.” Estudios Ingleses de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, vol. 15, 2008, pp. 15–42.

López-Rodríguez, Irene. “Of Women, Bitches, Chickens and Vixens: Animal Metaphors for Women in English and Spanish.” Culture, Language and Representation, vol. 7, no. 1, 2009, pp. 77–100, hdl.handle.net/10234/3998/.

Luci, Diana. “Bitches and Drinks Parties.” Ottawa Citizen, 11 October 2021, p. 7.

Luke, Brian. “Violent Love: Hunting, Heterosexuality, and the Erotics of Men’s Predation.” Feminist Studies, vol. 24, no. 3, 1998, pp. 627–55, doi:10.2307/3178583.

Malone, Molly. “Sexual Violence.” Toronto Star, 7 May 2018, p. 41.

Marrón, Mireya. “El hombre que acosó a Rocío Carrasco fue denunciado por maltrato a su pareja.” Nius Diario, 5 May 2021, pp. 1-5, www.niusdiario.es/vida/visto-oido/rocio-carrasco-acoso-stop-feminazis-hombre-detras-francisco-zugasti_18_3133470267.html/.

May, Stacey. “When Paul Bernardo Stalked My Neighborhood.” Calgary Herald, 8 November 2011, p. 23.

Molpeceres, Sara, and Laura Filardo-Llamas. “Llamamientos feministas en Twitter: ideología, identidad colectiva y reenmarcado de símbolos en la huelga del 8M y la manifestación contra la sentencia de ‘La Manada’.” Dígitos, no. 6, 2020, pp. 55–78, doi:10.7203/rd.v1i6.181.

Mujagić, Mersina, and Sanja Berberović. “The IMMIGRANTS ARE ANIMALS Metaphor as a Deliberate Metaphor in British and Bosnian-Herzegovinian Media.” Explorations in English Language and Linguistics, vol. 7, no.1, 2019, pp. 22–51, doi:10.2478/exell-2020-0005.

“Mujer víctima de agresión sexual: ‘Me dijo que era una puta, una zorra, una guarra’.” El Diario de Mallorca, 22 June 2022, www.mallorcadiario.com/juicio-audiencia-palma-acusacion-maltrato-pareja-agresion-sexual-quebrantamiento-condena/.

Mullin, Malone. “Labrador Woman Says She Was Abused for Years by Cop Ex-Husband—And the RNC Turned a Blind Eye.” 18 August 2021, p. 2, www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/rnc- sexual-misconduct-allegations-1.6108930/.

Mussolf, Andreas. “Metaphor Scenarios in Public Discourse.” Metaphor & Symbol, vol. 21, no. 1, 2006, pp. 23–38, doi:10.1207/s15327868ms2101_2.

Mussolf, Andreas. “The Study of Metaphor as Part of Critical Discourse Analysis.” Critical Discourse Studies, vol. 9, no. 3, 2012, pp. 301–10, doi:10.1080/17405904.2012.688300.

“Night Rape.” The Vancouver Sun, 18 May 2019, p. 32.

Nilsen, Allan P. “Of Ladybugs and Billygoats: What Animal Species Tell about Human Perceptions of Gender.” Metaphors and Symbolic Activity, no. 11, 1996, pp. 257–71, doi:10.1207/s15327868ms1104_2.

“Ocho meses de cárcel por llamar ‘zorra’, ‘puta’, y dar varios puñetazos en un taxi a su pareja.” El Español, 15 July 2021, www.elespanol.com/castilla-y-leon/sucesos/20210715/meses-carcel- llamar-zorra-varios-punetazos-pareja/596691941_0.html/.

Patrick, Ewa. “More Aggressions.” Edmonton Sun, 27 January 2018, p. 29. Pérez, Carmelo. “The Emotional Control Metaphors.” Journal of English Studies, vol. 3, no. 2, 2001, pp. 179–92, doi:10.18172/jes.76.

Peterson, David. “Rape.” Toronto Sun, 21 July 2016, p. 32.

Pinchin, Karen. “Insects, Floods, and ‘The Snake’: What Trump’s Use of Metaphors Reveals.” Frontline, 22 Oct. 2019, www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/insects-floods-and-the-snake- what-trumps-use-of-metaphors-reveals/.

Pragglejaz Group. “MIP: A Method for Identifying Metaphorically Used Words in Discourse.” Metaphor and Symbol, vol. 22, no. 1, 2007, pp. 1–39, doi:10.1080/10926480709336752.

Prazmo, Ewelina. “Foids Are Worse than Animals. A Cognitive Linguistics Analysis of Dehumanizing Metaphors in On-line Discourse.” Topics in Linguistics, vol. 21, no. 2, 2020, pp. 16–27, doi:10.2478/topling-2020-0007.

Requeijo, Alejandro, and Daniel Montero. “La ficha policial de Prenda y su ‘Manada’ de San Fermín.” El Español, 18 Oct. 2016, p. 32.

Requena Aguilar, Ana. “Ingresa en prisión la víctima de violencia de género condenada por lesionar a su agresor durante una paliza.” El Diario, 27 January 2020, www.eldiario.es/sociedad/ingresa-prision- violencia-condenada-lesionar_1_1060753.html/.

Romano, Manuela. “Occupying the Streets, Occupying Words. Reframing New Feminisms through Reappropriation.” Discourse & Society, vol. 33, no. 5, 2022, pp. 631–49, doi:10.1177/09579265221093649.

Rudman, Laurie, and Kris Mescher. “Of Animals and Objects: Men’s Implicit Dehumanization of Women and Likelihood of Sexual Aggression.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, vol. 20, no. 10, 2012, pp. 1–13, doi:10.1177/0146167212436401.

Santa Ana, Otto. “Like an Animal I Was Treated: Anti-immigrant Metaphor in US Public Discourse.” Discourse & Society, vol. 10, no. 2, 1999, pp. 191–224, doi:10.1177/0957926599010002004.

Sawa, Timothy. “Ontario Christian School Tells Court It was Unaware Abuse Would Cause Emotional Damage.” Toronto Sun, 5 May 2021, p. 3.

Schoor, Carola. “The People as Heroes, Animals or the Country? Metaphor in Populist and Non-Populist Political Discourse.” Metaphor in Political Conflict. Populism and Discourse, edited by Ruth Breeze, and Carmen Llamas Saíz, Ediciones Universidad de Navarra, 2020, pp. 83–110.

Semino, Elena. Metaphor in Discourse. Cambridge UP, 2008.

Silió, Elisa. “Putas, salid de vuestras madrigueras, el grito machista de universitarios del colegio mayor masculino Elías Ahúja en Madrid.” El País, 6 October 2022, p. 1, www.elpais.com/sociedad/2022-10- 06/putas-salid-de-vuestras-madrigueras-el-grito-machista-de-miembros-de-un-colegio-mayor-masculino-en-madrid.html/.

“Solicita salir de prisión y los jueces piden opinión a la víctima de una violación en Zaragoza.” El Periódico de Aragón, 14 December 2021, www.elperiodicodearagon.com/violencia-de-genero/2022/01/07/solicita-salir-violacion-prision-victima-violencia-sexual- 61331791.html/.

Steuter, Erin, and Deborah Wills. At War with Metaphor: Media, Propaganda, and Racism in the War of Terror. Lexington Books, 2008.

“Stonach Demands MacKay Apologize for Alleged Dog Comment.” Toronto Star, 14 August 2013, pp. 11–12.

Suarez, Adam. “Rape.” Edmonton Journal, 7 May 2011, p. 3. “Sex Crimes.” Edmonton Journal, 3 February 2016, p. 11.

Thibodeau, Paul, and Lera Boroditsky. “Metaphors We Think with: The Role of Metaphor in Reasoning.” PLoS One, vol. 6, no. 2, 2011, pp. 167–82, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016782.

Tranchese, Alessia, and Lisa Sugiura. “‘I Don’t Hate All Women, Just Those Stuck-Up Bitches’: How Incels and Mainstream Pornography Speak the Same Extreme Language of Misogyny.” Violence against Women, vol. 27, no. 14, 2021, pp. 2709–34, doi:10.1177/1077801221996453.

“Un acusado por violencia de género en Cáceres.” El Periódico Extremadura, 16 February, 2022, www.elperiodicoextremadura.com/caceres-local/2022/02/16/ acusado-violencia-genero-victima-matar-62792753.html/.

“Violencia de género en Cádiz: De agresión sexual a abusos.” Diario de Cádiz, 12 May 2022, www.diariodecadiz.es/noticias-provincia- cadiz/violencia-genero-cadiz-agresion-sexual-abusos-prision-multa_0_1682532419.html/.

“VOX y el antifeminsmo.” The HuffPost, 14 June, 2019, www.huffingtonpost.es/entry/el-rifirrafe-entre-espinosa-de-los- monteros-vox-y-jesus-marana-en-hoy-por-hoy-le-enciendo-la-cara- de-color-rojo_es_5d0365bae4b0dc17ef07bcfe.html/.

Yourk, Darren. “Domestic Violence.” The Globe and Mail, 20 May 2003, p. 2.

Downloads

Published

18/10/2023

How to Cite

López, I. “An Analysis of Animal Metaphors in Episodes of Gender Violence Reported in Spanish and Canadian Newspapers”. ES Review. Spanish Journal of English Studies, no. 44, Oct. 2023, pp. 81-110, doi:10.24197/ersjes.44.2023.81-110.

Issue

Section

Articles